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虽然罗伯斯庇尔权势已然滔天，甚至在1794年2月废除了法国及其殖民地的[[slavery|奴隶]]制度，<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Eseosa's Codex|Letters to the Dead]]</ref> 但反对他的声音却越来越大。丹东和他的盟友——也就是罗伯斯庇尔和圣茹斯特所贬斥的妥协派——在1794年初就开始反对恐怖专政。有人出版印刷物，把罗伯斯庇尔描绘成罗马时代的独裁者。因此，委员会决定对丹东、[[Camille Desmoulins|卡米尔·德穆兰]]、[[Fabre d'Églantine|法布尔·德·埃格兰坦]]和其他几个反对专政的 "放纵者 "采取行动，将他们逮捕并在{{Wiki|en:Revolutionary Tribunal|革命法庭}}上进行审判。罗伯斯庇尔利用之前丹东和德·埃格兰坦贪污的事实为自己争取政治筹码。他指控德·埃格兰坦在军队物资上做手脚，并说他“空有才华却无灵魂。擅长描绘人的艺术，也更擅长欺骗他们”。丹东被指控牵连到德·埃格兰坦以前与{{Wiki|en:French East India Company|法国东印度公司}}的欺诈行为。他和他的盟友被判处死刑。<ref name="ACU" /> |
虽然罗伯斯庇尔权势已然滔天，甚至在1794年2月废除了法国及其殖民地的[[slavery|奴隶]]制度，<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Eseosa's Codex|Letters to the Dead]]</ref> 但反对他的声音却越来越大。丹东和他的盟友——也就是罗伯斯庇尔和圣茹斯特所贬斥的妥协派——在1794年初就开始反对恐怖专政。有人出版印刷物，把罗伯斯庇尔描绘成罗马时代的独裁者。因此，委员会决定对丹东、[[Camille Desmoulins|卡米尔·德穆兰]]、[[Fabre d'Églantine|法布尔·德·埃格兰坦]]和其他几个反对专政的 "放纵者 "采取行动，将他们逮捕并在{{Wiki|en:Revolutionary Tribunal|革命法庭}}上进行审判。罗伯斯庇尔利用之前丹东和德·埃格兰坦贪污的事实为自己争取政治筹码。他指控德·埃格兰坦在军队物资上做手脚，并说他“空有才华却无灵魂。擅长描绘人的艺术，也更擅长欺骗他们”。丹东被指控牵连到德·埃格兰坦以前与{{Wiki|en:French East India Company|法国东印度公司}}的欺诈行为。他和他的盟友被判处死刑。<ref name="ACU" /> |
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| − | 然而罗伯斯庇尔不愿就此罢休，他希望将丹东一派彻底铲除。安利奥从丹东的所有物中搜出了几封写给丹东朋友的信件，而后将它们交给了罗伯斯庇尔。罗伯斯庇尔拿着这些信，以嘲讽的姿态展示给牢狱中的安东看。4月5日，丹东和他的盟友被押往刑场。他们在罗伯斯庇尔的寓所外经过。丹东说道“他的房子将被推倒，还要被撒上盐”。虽然丹东和他的支持者们被送上了断头台，但阿诺和一群刺客还是救出了 |
+ | 然而罗伯斯庇尔不愿就此罢休，他希望将丹东一派彻底铲除。安利奥从丹东的所有物中搜出了几封写给丹东朋友的信件，而后将它们交给了罗伯斯庇尔。罗伯斯庇尔拿着这些信，以嘲讽的姿态展示给牢狱中的安东看。4月5日，丹东和他的盟友被押往刑场。他们在罗伯斯庇尔的寓所外经过。丹东说道“他的房子将被推倒，还要被撒上盐”。虽然丹东和他的支持者们被送上了断头台，但阿诺和一群刺客还是救出了丹东的几个朋友，并从罗伯斯庇尔家里拿回了信件。此时，罗伯斯庇尔正蜷缩在自己的房间里，他的卫兵注意到他似乎很疲惫，而且身体状况似乎欠佳，可能是对处决了自己的老朋友表现出了遗憾。他还把信件散落在屋子里。通过处决丹东，罗伯斯庇尔消灭了他的一个重要对手，但他自己的声望也就此一落千丈。<ref name="ACU" /> |
| − | ==== |
+ | ====牧月22日法令和其他活动==== |
| + | 当圣殿骑士团发现米拉波与已故国王通信的罪证时，罗伯斯庇尔趁机于1794年5月将这一证据公之于众，并夹杂了其他形式的诽谤，使得逝去多年的米拉波在公众面前蒙羞。圣殿骑士们还潜入[[Panthéon|先贤祠]]，阴谋盗取米拉波的遗物，希望能找到跟刺客组织有关的信息。然而阿诺和一群刺客提前移走了这些遗物，圣殿骑士的阴谋宣告失败。<ref name="ACU" /> |
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| − | When the Templars discovered incriminating evidence of Mirabeau's correspondences with the deceased King, Robespierre took the opportunity to expose this evidence to the public in May 1794, coupled with other forms of slander. This publicly disgraced Mirabeau, and the Templars infiltrated the [[Panthéon]] to claim Mirabeau's relics, hoping to find any information on the Assassins, only to have the operation foiled by Dorian and a group of Assassins who moved the relics.<ref name="ACU" /> |
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| − | + | 5月23日，{{Wiki|en:Cécile Renault|塞西尔·雷诺}}刺杀罗伯斯庇尔失败，一个月后惨遭处决。作为回应，罗伯斯庇尔和委员会出台了{{Wiki|en:Law of 22 Prairial|牧月22日法令}}，再次简化审判程序，并规定所有反革命者不论罪行大小一律死刑，甚至可以在缺乏物证的情况下仅凭“精神”和口头上的罪证定罪。这一法令使死刑犯的数量暴增为原来的两倍，“大恐怖”时期就此开始。<ref name="Execution">[http://assassinscreed.ubi.com/en-GB/news/news_detail.aspx?c=tcm:154-179531-16&ct=tcm:148-76770-32 ''The Execution of Maximilien de Robespierre - Spilled Claret and Just Desserts'']</ref> 虽然外国军队的威胁已基本消失，<ref name="AE" /> 但因为在许多案件中公审和取证等必要环节被取消，罗伯斯庇尔的声望再次一落千丈。委员会成员纷纷站出来对他加以批评，一些人嫌他的政策还不够激进，另一些人则认为他是一个精神错乱的暴君——因为他所戕害的人民远多于在战场上击杀的外国反革命者。<ref name="Execution" /> |
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| − | ==== |
+ | ====至高主宰节==== |
| + | {{Quote|法国人民献身于至高主宰的极乐之日终于到来。祂所创造的世界从来没有给祂带来过如此令祂注目的景象。往昔，祂只看到暴政、罪愆和欺瞒统治着大地。而此时此刻，祂看到的是整个国家，在与所有人类之压迫者的战争中，暂时停下了它英武的脚步，以便向伟大的主宰献上它的思想与誓言，是祂赋予了它承受这些磨砺的使命和克服它们的力量。不正是祂那在人们心中刻下正义与平等之准则的不朽的手，写下了暴君们的死刑判决？不正是祂最初宣告共和国成立的声音，使得自由、诚信和正义成为万民永世的常理？|1794年，罗伯斯庇尔在至高主宰节上的演讲|Assassin's Creed: Unity}} |
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| − | {{Quote|The eternally happy day which the French people consecrates to the Supreme Being has finally arrived. Never has the world he created offered him a sight so worthy of his eyes. He has seen tyranny, crime, and deception reign on earth. At this moment, he sees an entire nation, at war with all the oppressors of the human race, suspend its heroic efforts in order to raise its thoughts and vows to the Great Being who gave it the mission to undertake these efforts and the strength to execute them. Did not his immortal hand, by engraving in the hearts of men the code of justice and equality, write there the death sentence of tyrants? Did not his voice, at the very beginning of time, decree the republic, making liberty, good faith, and justice the order of the day for all centuries and for all peoples?|Robespierre speaking at the festival, 1794.|Assassin's Creed: Unity}} |
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| − | [[File:ACU The Supreme Being 9.png|thumb|250px|left| |
+ | [[File:ACU The Supreme Being 9.png|thumb|250px|left|罗伯斯庇尔在至高主宰节上发言]] |
In May 1794, Robespierre founded the [[Cult of the Supreme Being]], a deist religion in which the Supreme Being was meant to represent the patriotic spirit of nature, and was described as being capable of uniting people with "pure and feeling hearts".<ref name="PW" /> The themes of civic duty were supposedly a loose interpretation of Templar doctrine,<ref name="ACU" /> and the Cult was meant to counter the influence of the atheistic [[Cult of Reason]], its ultimate purpose being to eliminate political dissenters.<ref name="AE" /> Due to the dechristianization that had taken place during the revolution, Robespierre was able to use the new religion to promote himself and the Jacobins.<ref name="PW" /> The Cult was made the official religion of France and festivals were set to be held across the country on 8 June. Robespierre nominated himself the president of the Festival of the Supreme Being in Paris.<ref name="PW" /> |
In May 1794, Robespierre founded the [[Cult of the Supreme Being]], a deist religion in which the Supreme Being was meant to represent the patriotic spirit of nature, and was described as being capable of uniting people with "pure and feeling hearts".<ref name="PW" /> The themes of civic duty were supposedly a loose interpretation of Templar doctrine,<ref name="ACU" /> and the Cult was meant to counter the influence of the atheistic [[Cult of Reason]], its ultimate purpose being to eliminate political dissenters.<ref name="AE" /> Due to the dechristianization that had taken place during the revolution, Robespierre was able to use the new religion to promote himself and the Jacobins.<ref name="PW" /> The Cult was made the official religion of France and festivals were set to be held across the country on 8 June. Robespierre nominated himself the president of the Festival of the Supreme Being in Paris.<ref name="PW" /> |
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2020年7月16日 (四) 07:14的版本
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- “我们罪恶的敌人想要从共和国赶走的，首先是智慧。只有智慧才能巩固帝国的繁荣。为了她，我们要保护我们勇气的成果。”
- ―1794年，罗伯斯庇尔在至高主宰节上的演讲
马克西米连·弗朗索瓦·马里·伊西多·德·罗伯斯庇尔（Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre） (1758年 – 1794年) 是一位法国律师、演说家、政治家及法国大革命的风云人物，他的统治可以说是现代独裁制度的滥觞。
罗伯斯庇尔最初只是家乡阿拉斯县的一位律师，后来在1789年三级会议中当选为第三级代表。法国大革命爆发后，他加入了政见日益激进的雅各布俱乐部，并被圣殿骑士大团长弗朗索瓦-托马斯·日耳曼招募进了教团。1793年末，罗伯斯庇尔和新近成立的公共安全委员会开始了恐怖统治，迫害并经常一次处决上千名被认定为反革命的人。
由于罗伯斯庇尔的暴政愈演愈烈，在1794年的热月政变中，他和他的支持者们被推翻。等待他们的将是断头台的处置。
生平
早年
- “自由的秘密在于教化人民，而暴政的秘密在于让人民保持无知。”
- ―罗伯斯庇尔[来源]
1758年，罗伯斯庇尔出生在法国阿拉斯县，是家里四个孩子中最年长的一个。他的母亲在他六岁时去世，父亲不久后也抛弃了这个家。因此，年幼的罗伯斯庇尔不得不承担起了照顾弟弟妹妹们的重任。[1] 在此期间，他基本上是被他所就读的阿拉斯演讲学院的老师们抚养长大的。他学习十分勤奋，尤其对罗马史充满了热情。在后来的众多演讲中，他总会如痴如醉地引述那些先贤的事迹。[2] 11岁时，他获得了法国顶级学府路易大帝中学的奖学金。[1] 在那，他将受到德尼·狄德罗等启蒙思想家的影响。[3]
革命爆发
- “任何侵犯人之不可剥夺权利的法律，本质上都是不公正且专制的，它根本就不是法律。[......]任何制度，如果拒绝承认人民之良善，拒绝承认官员可以被腐化，那么它就是邪恶的。”
- ―1793年，罗伯斯庇尔[来源]
1781年，罗伯斯庇尔获得法学学士学位，同年回到故乡阿拉斯担任地方律师。看起来，他似乎要在这个位置上衣食无忧地过完一生，然而一场突如其来的财政危机席卷了法国。时任国王路易十六不得不重新召开三级会议。1789年4月20日，罗伯斯庇尔当选为阿尔图瓦郡八位第三级代表中的第五位。[2] 会上，他大加批判君主专制，提倡社会改革，[1] 并与其他与会人员，比如米拉波伯爵、埃马纽尔·约瑟夫·西哀士和拉法耶特侯爵一起成立了国民议会。在此期间，他还被招募进了以弗朗索瓦-托马斯·日耳曼为首的圣殿骑士激进派。[4]
罗伯斯庇尔走进凡尔赛宫
1789年5月5日，罗伯斯庇尔和他的圣殿骑士同僚出席了凡尔赛宫的一场私人宴会。这场宴会是圣殿骑士大团长弗朗索瓦·德·拉赛尔为庆祝其女儿加入教团而举办的。然而那天晚上，德·拉赛尔却在日耳曼谋划的事变中被害身亡。由此，以日尔曼为首的激进派掌握了教团的至高权力。他们阴谋在法国各地煽动一场广泛的革命，将政权从贵族手里剥夺，赋予中产阶级。通过建立资本主义社会，教团将更容易对人类加以控制。[4]
罗伯斯庇尔定居在了巴黎，此后仅回过阿拉斯一次。他成了普罗科普咖啡馆[4] 和摄政咖啡馆等知识分子集会地的常客。[5] 他还加入了新成立的雅各宾俱乐部，并以坚定不移的原则和信念而闻名，赢得了“廉洁者”的称号。人们都知道这位才华横溢的演说家，尽管嗓音刺耳，还带着阿尔图瓦口音，但在各大议会厅里总能见到他的身影。[4] 他在国民议会上发言逾五千次，旗帜鲜明地反对国王的立法否决权和宗教歧视，同时也维护着平民的权利。曾短暂担任过雅各宾俱乐部主席的米拉波评价他说：“他的前途不可估量，他对自己所说的一切都深信不疑。”[1] 关于罗伯斯庇尔的私生活，人们知之甚少，只知道他的生活方式优雅而不奢华。他时刻不忘学习，并保持着良好的伴侣关系。他的刚正不阿也常常得罪请他办事的人，但他对人情世故的冷淡却使身为政治人物的他更受人们敬重。[2]
罗伯斯庇尔会见拉图什
1791年4月，圣殿骑士们在博韦酒店集会。罗伯斯庇尔向雅各宾派的同僚们发表讲话，呼吁废除死刑。会议结束后，他单独会见了日耳曼和阿洛伊斯·拉图什。日耳曼将拉图什安排在罗伯斯庇尔麾下，一旦革命演进到足够激进的程度，拉图什就会在凡尔赛散播白色恐怖，帮助罗伯斯庇尔夺权。[4]
青云直上
- “我们在被所有国家注视；我们在寰宇面前辩论。”
- ―罗伯斯庇尔在革命的漩涡中说道[来源]
1792年4月，由雅各宾派的主要对手吉伦特派主导的法国革命政府向奥地利和普鲁士王国宣战。罗伯斯庇尔是最早批评这场战争的政治家之一，而法国也确实在战败的路上越走越远。[5] 战争也导致人们对路易国王和王室越来越不信任，罗伯斯庇尔便趁此机会大加宣扬废除君主制。[1] 1792年8月10日，革命者和巴黎公社起义部队冲进杜伊勒里宫王室官邸，结束了君主的统治。这标志着法兰西共和国的诞生。罗伯斯庇尔在费维耶咖啡馆庆祝了这一胜利。[4]
新成立的共和国由国民公会管辖，罗伯斯庇尔任巴黎地区代表。他继续鼓动革命者起来反对贵族，并改变了对死刑的看法，要求立即处决被废黜的国王路易。[1] 当国民公会对路易的一些罪行进行审判时，罗伯斯庇尔和他的圣殿骑士同僚路易-米歇尔·勒·培列提尔投出了死刑判决的赞成票。1793年1月21日，路易十六被推上了断头台。[4]
然而国民公会并非铁板一块，随着政治局势日益紧张，各党派之间的关系已势同水火。罗伯斯庇尔开始沉湎于肃清反革命者的活动，尤其是针对反对派如吉伦特派等。此时，后者的力量已随多次政治失败而减弱。雅各宾俱乐部在公会中的席位主要由乔治·丹东、让-保尔·马拉和路易·安东万·德·圣茹斯特等激进分子组成。因为他们坐在会议大厅的上层位置，所以他们代表的党派也被称为“山岳党”。吉伦特派的让-巴蒂斯特·卢维·德·库夫赖曾指责罗伯斯庇尔和丹东阴谋建立独裁政权，但雅各宾派强烈否认了这一指控。[4]
1793年3月，公会成立了公共安全委员会，以保护共和国免受内部和外部的威胁。随着委员会开始以越来越多的嫌疑罪名处决他人，吉伦特派开始公开反对罗伯斯庇尔和委员会。作为回应，罗伯斯庇尔下令逮捕所有吉伦特派成员，并疏远了他的同僚及朋友丹东。在弗朗索瓦·安利奥的指挥下，国民警卫队和巴黎公社逮捕了吉伦特派的大部分成员，吉伦特派的主要领导人在几个月后即遭处决。这件事称为了雅各宾恐怖专政的先兆之一。1793年7月委员会改组，罗伯斯庇尔与圣茹斯特、乔治·库松、让-马里·科洛特·德·赫博瓦等成为主要成员。大约在这一时期，罗伯斯庇尔在会议上宣读了勒·培列提尔关于教育问题的草案，并谴责了被他赶出科德利埃俱乐部的激进派牧师雅克·鲁克斯。当鼓手男孩约瑟夫·巴拉被保皇党人杀害时，罗伯斯庇尔说道，“只有法兰西才有十三岁的英雄”。[4]
恐怖专政
领导委员会
- “恐怖不过是迅速、严厉且僵硬的正义。”
- ―1794年，罗伯斯庇尔在演讲时说道[来源]
罗伯斯庇尔在权力达到顶峰后抛却了以往温和的公众形象以及反对死刑的态度，利用恐怖和革命极端主义来维持自己的影响。他十分认同具有表现张力的艺术品在教化民众方面的功用。[4] 他和朋友及雅各宾派的同僚，画家雅克-路易·大卫合作，将文化艺术确立为一种政治工具。[5] 诗人安德烈·舍尼埃鄙视大卫，认为他是“最卑鄙的宣传家”，并写了一系列名为《网球厅》（Le Jeu de Paume）的讽刺他的诗。大卫勃然大怒，向罗伯斯庇尔和他的支持者们求助，让他们接管了舍尼埃的房子，并看守住这些诗歌。然而，舍尼埃派刺客阿诺·多里安去拿回了这些诗。阿诺还曾在普罗科普咖啡馆杀死了罗伯斯庇尔的一帮盟友，他们在那里聚会，计划推翻立法议会。[4]
在此期间，炮兵军官拿破仑·波拿巴争取到了罗伯斯庇尔的兄弟奥古斯丁的支持，但罗伯斯庇尔本人却与拿破仑闹翻，并与圣茹斯特密谋结束他的职业生涯。圣茹斯特诱使工场使用有缺陷的材料制造军械，而后将其交付给拿破仑。然而，这一阴谋也被阿诺挫败了。[4]
1793年9月，罗伯斯庇尔和委员会出台了《嫌疑犯法案》，扩大了起诉反革命者的依据，引发了新一轮的白色恐怖。在此期间，罗伯斯庇尔派遣间谍迪迪尔·帕顿调查有关反革命者的情报。没想到的是，帕顿竟然调查出了圣殿骑士的存在，并发现他们已经渗透进了革命政府当中。他追踪了几名嫌疑人，记下了他们的名字，而后在1793年11月上报给了罗伯斯庇尔。为了掩盖这一切，罗伯斯庇尔诬告帕顿叛国，将他投入监狱，并没收了他的笔记本。然而，阿诺和一群刺客却找回了笔记本，并从刑场上救出了帕顿。[4]
剪除丹东
- “你很快就要步我们后尘了，罗伯斯庇尔！你的房子将被推倒，还要在废墟上撒上盐！”
- ―1794年，丹东在走向断头台时对罗伯斯庇尔说道[来源]
虽然罗伯斯庇尔权势已然滔天，甚至在1794年2月废除了法国及其殖民地的奴隶制度，[6] 但反对他的声音却越来越大。丹东和他的盟友——也就是罗伯斯庇尔和圣茹斯特所贬斥的妥协派——在1794年初就开始反对恐怖专政。有人出版印刷物，把罗伯斯庇尔描绘成罗马时代的独裁者。因此，委员会决定对丹东、卡米尔·德穆兰、法布尔·德·埃格兰坦和其他几个反对专政的 "放纵者 "采取行动，将他们逮捕并在革命法庭上进行审判。罗伯斯庇尔利用之前丹东和德·埃格兰坦贪污的事实为自己争取政治筹码。他指控德·埃格兰坦在军队物资上做手脚，并说他“空有才华却无灵魂。擅长描绘人的艺术，也更擅长欺骗他们”。丹东被指控牵连到德·埃格兰坦以前与法国东印度公司的欺诈行为。他和他的盟友被判处死刑。[4]
然而罗伯斯庇尔不愿就此罢休，他希望将丹东一派彻底铲除。安利奥从丹东的所有物中搜出了几封写给丹东朋友的信件，而后将它们交给了罗伯斯庇尔。罗伯斯庇尔拿着这些信，以嘲讽的姿态展示给牢狱中的安东看。4月5日，丹东和他的盟友被押往刑场。他们在罗伯斯庇尔的寓所外经过。丹东说道“他的房子将被推倒，还要被撒上盐”。虽然丹东和他的支持者们被送上了断头台，但阿诺和一群刺客还是救出了丹东的几个朋友，并从罗伯斯庇尔家里拿回了信件。此时，罗伯斯庇尔正蜷缩在自己的房间里，他的卫兵注意到他似乎很疲惫，而且身体状况似乎欠佳，可能是对处决了自己的老朋友表现出了遗憾。他还把信件散落在屋子里。通过处决丹东，罗伯斯庇尔消灭了他的一个重要对手，但他自己的声望也就此一落千丈。[4]
牧月22日法令和其他活动
当圣殿骑士团发现米拉波与已故国王通信的罪证时，罗伯斯庇尔趁机于1794年5月将这一证据公之于众，并夹杂了其他形式的诽谤，使得逝去多年的米拉波在公众面前蒙羞。圣殿骑士们还潜入先贤祠，阴谋盗取米拉波的遗物，希望能找到跟刺客组织有关的信息。然而阿诺和一群刺客提前移走了这些遗物，圣殿骑士的阴谋宣告失败。[4]
5月23日，塞西尔·雷诺刺杀罗伯斯庇尔失败，一个月后惨遭处决。作为回应，罗伯斯庇尔和委员会出台了牧月22日法令，再次简化审判程序，并规定所有反革命者不论罪行大小一律死刑，甚至可以在缺乏物证的情况下仅凭“精神”和口头上的罪证定罪。这一法令使死刑犯的数量暴增为原来的两倍，“大恐怖”时期就此开始。[7] 虽然外国军队的威胁已基本消失，[1] 但因为在许多案件中公审和取证等必要环节被取消，罗伯斯庇尔的声望再次一落千丈。委员会成员纷纷站出来对他加以批评，一些人嫌他的政策还不够激进，另一些人则认为他是一个精神错乱的暴君——因为他所戕害的人民远多于在战场上击杀的外国反革命者。[7]
至高主宰节
- “法国人民献身于至高主宰的极乐之日终于到来。祂所创造的世界从来没有给祂带来过如此令祂注目的景象。往昔，祂只看到暴政、罪愆和欺瞒统治着大地。而此时此刻，祂看到的是整个国家，在与所有人类之压迫者的战争中，暂时停下了它英武的脚步，以便向伟大的主宰献上它的思想与誓言，是祂赋予了它承受这些磨砺的使命和克服它们的力量。不正是祂那在人们心中刻下正义与平等之准则的不朽的手，写下了暴君们的死刑判决？不正是祂最初宣告共和国成立的声音，使得自由、诚信和正义成为万民永世的常理？”
- ―1794年，罗伯斯庇尔在至高主宰节上的演讲[来源]
罗伯斯庇尔在至高主宰节上发言
In May 1794, Robespierre founded the Cult of the Supreme Being, a deist religion in which the Supreme Being was meant to represent the patriotic spirit of nature, and was described as being capable of uniting people with "pure and feeling hearts".[5] The themes of civic duty were supposedly a loose interpretation of Templar doctrine,[4] and the Cult was meant to counter the influence of the atheistic Cult of Reason, its ultimate purpose being to eliminate political dissenters.[1] Due to the dechristianization that had taken place during the revolution, Robespierre was able to use the new religion to promote himself and the Jacobins.[5] The Cult was made the official religion of France and festivals were set to be held across the country on 8 June. Robespierre nominated himself the president of the Festival of the Supreme Being in Paris.[5]
The event was held at the Champ de Mars and was staged by David. The artist constructed a plaster and cardboard mountain, topped with a 50-foot column bearing a statue of Hercules. A procession of girls carried fruit baskets along an avenue lined with roses below the mountain, while Robespierre lead the singing of a hymn dedicated to the Supreme Being from the mountain,[8] accompanied by 2400 singers. The hymn was written by the opera composer François-Joseph Gossec and the dramatist Marie-Joseph Chénier, brother of André Chénier.[5] Marie-Joseph had written the "Hymne à la Liberté", which Robespierre had praised as "magnificent poetry" and renamed "Le Chant du Départ".[4] This time however, Robespierre was dissatisfied with Chénier's lyrics and replaced him with Théodore Désorgues,[5] and the resulting song was named "Hymne à l'Être Suprème".[8] At this time, Marie-Joseph wrote a letter to Robespierre, begging that André be spared from execution, although this was to no avail. Germain also wrote to Robespierre, reminding him not to let personal ambitions overshadow his service to the Templars and their plans for the revolution.[4]
Élise de la Serre, the daughter of the deceased Grand Master, was present at the festival along with her lover, Arno Dorian. Having learned of Robespierre's Templar affiliations, they sought to bring about his downfall, knowing that he would be weak and more likely to give up information about Germain's whereabouts. To tarnish Robespierre's already damaged image, Dorian stole lists of political enemies that the former planned to execute, including Jean-Lambert Tallien, François Louis Bourdon and Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai, and distributed them among prominent people opposed to the revolutionary leader.[4] As he gave a speech to the audience dressed in a "republican costume" consisting of a blue coat, tricolor sash and plumed hat,[8] Élise spiked Robespierre's drink with powdered ergot, causing him to experience random hallucinations and give the audience the belief that he was insane and unstable.[4] After the speech, an effigy representing atheism was burned to reveal a statue representing wisdom.[8]
The duo's plan worked, and the festival was regarded as an extreme and hyperbolic display staged by an insane tyrant.[1] An anonymous engraving opposing the Terror showed Robespierre in his republican costume and was named "Robespierre guillotining the executioner after having guillotined everyone else in France". In the background of the engraving was an obelisk with the words "Here Lies All France".[8]
Downfall and execution
- “Be it known that the Paris Commune, by dint of its actions protecting the criminal Robespierre, is now in open rebellion against the nation. Soldiers under the command of the National Convention have been dispatched to apprehend the traitor Robespierre and his followers. Citizens are advised to stay in their homes while justice is carried out. Be it further known that Citizen Robespierre, Citizen Hanriot, and all their allies are declared outlaw! Any citizen found to be aiding these criminals will share their fate upon the guillotine. Revolutionary justice shall prevail!”
- ―An official declaring Robespierre and his allies outlaws, 1794.[来源]
As Robespierre's popularity faded, several people began to plot his overthrow, including Paul Barras. On 26 July, Robespierre held a speech before the Convention, warning of a conspiracy against the republic and made vague threats of purging "enemies of the state". In response, and having finally had enough of him, both the Convention and the Committee turned against Robespierre and had him arrested and sentenced to death the following day.[4] As he was taken away, he shouted out that he had "powerful friends".[1]
While Robespierre was driven to the Luxembourg Palace to be held, he was freed by troops of the Paris Commune and fled to the Hôtel de Ville, where he holed himself up with his close allies, including Saint-Just, Hanriot[4] and his own brother, Augustin.[7] There, he wrote a new list of his personal enemies, and received word that he and his collaborators had been declared outlaws.[1] Unbeknownst to him, he was pursued by both Arno and Élise, who aimed to procure Germain's location from him. Robespierre desperately tried to contact Germain for safety, but the Grand Master had already predicted his downfall and believed that Robespierre and the Terror had served their purpose, instead abandoning his last follower.[4]
Robespierre being interrogated after being shot in his jaw
As the Convention's troops under command of Barras closed in on the Hôtel de Ville, most of Robespierre's guards had either deserted or been killed. As he paced in his office, fretting over his fate and Germain's lack of help, Arno and Élise entered and demanded Germain's location, though Robespierre refused to talk. Élise, in no mood to trifle, pulled out her pistol and shot him in the jaw. Staggered and fearful of his life, Robespierre weakly wrote down Germain's location, the Temple. As the two left, Convention troops apprehended Robespierre.[4]
In the meantime, Augustin attempted to escape by jumping through a window, only to break both legs. It was believed that Robespierre had attempted to shoot himself to escape the guillotine, and his wound was hastily bandaged with cloth on a table inside the Committee's building, where he bled profusely. He was then imprisoned in the Conciergerie in the cell that had held Marie Antoinette.[7]
Robespierre guillotined
Robespierre and his followers were guillotined without trial on 28 July. The executioner, Charles-Henri Sanson, tore off the bandage that held Robespierre's jaw together, causing the latter to scream in the moments before his death.[7] The sculptor Marie Tussaud later made a death mask of him.[5]
Legacy
During the Reign of Terror, which lasted less than a year, Robespierre was directly or indirectly responsible for the arrest of around 300,000 people, 40,000 of whom were executed. He became associated with extremism,[1] the Terror having been planned by the Templars as a way to demonstrate the chaos of a revolution and as such deter the populace from starting another one.[4]
Personality and characteristics
- “Take care that you do not allow your personal ambitions to come before the Great Work. That which we do, we do not for our own glory, but to remake the world in de Molay's image.”
- ―Germain in a letter to Robespierre, 1794.[来源]
Charismatic, yet reclusive, and disinterested in popularity, Robespierre commanded a great deal of respect from other revolutionaries. However, he could also be arrogant, snobbish and cruel, taunting and threatening Georges Danton when the latter was imprisoned and sentenced to death. Robespierre could also be extremely petty, ordering the executions of Danton's friends merely because of their association with him and labelling the Girondists as enemies of the state because they didn't agree with him. At one point, Germain even wrote to Robespierre and reminded him to place the interests and visions of the Templars above personal ambitions. Robespierre often acted solely on Germain's orders and was something of a puppet to him. During the Thermidorian Reaction, he relied on Germain to rescue him, and was left weakened when the Grand Master abandoned him.[4]
Behind the Scenes
Historically, Maximilien de Robespierre's wound to his jaw on the night of his arrest was caused either by an attempted suicide or from being shot by French soldier Charles-André Merda.
After the game's release, many left-wing French politicians opposed Robespierre's portrayal as a barbaric villain. Seeing Robespierre as a "man of the people" and a "father of democracy", they labeled the portrayal as capitalist propaganda. Ubisoft's response was affirming that Assassin's Creed: Unity is a game and not a history lesson, they admitted that many historical aspects of the game were exaggerated. Apologists of Robespierre suggested that his involvement in the Reign of Terror was falsely accused.[9][10]
Gallery
Appearances
- Assassin's Creed: Initiates （仅提及）
- Assassin's Creed: Unity （首次登场）
- Assassin's Creed: Unity novel
- Assassin's Creed Unity: Abstergo Entertainment - Employee Handbook
参考与注释
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Assassin's Creed Unity: Abstergo Entertainment - Employee Handbook
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Assassin's Creed: Unity – Database: Maximilien François Isidore de Robespierre
- ↑ The French Revolution in Quotes
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 Assassin's Creed: Unity
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Project Widow
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Initiates – Letters to the Dead
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 The Execution of Maximilien de Robespierre - Spilled Claret and Just Desserts
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Cult of the Supreme Being: Revolutionaries reinvent God
- ↑ Lichfield, John (17-11-2014). French left loses its head over Robespierre game. The Independent. Retrieved on 5月 1, 2020.
- ↑ Bilefsky, Dan (20-11-2014). Video Game Meets History, and France Rebels Again. New York Times. Retrieved on 5月 1, 2020.
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