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宣传横幅
发现之旅：古埃及（Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt）是一款可下载的教育工具，它允许玩家在不受战斗和游戏限制的情况下探索不同的世界。
该模式于2018年2月20日在《刺客信条：起源》中发布。它免费提供给拥有游戏的玩家，同时也作为个人电脑上的独立版本发售。它引入了一种允许玩家在游戏的地图上自由漫游，并通过一批导游来了解古埃及的历史的模式。[1]
旅途[]
埃及[]
埃及的主要地区[]
了解埃及的主要区域
Relief of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II and the Goddess Hathor
直到公元前3100年埃及统一之前，每个地区都有自己的法老与王冠的象征。
下埃及的王冠是红色的，由莎草纸与蜜蜂的符号所标记。
上埃及的王冠则是白色的，由莲花与莎草的符号标记。
尼罗河，生命之母[]
尼罗河
尼罗河对埃及文明有着相当大的决定因素。举例来说，尼罗河的季节变化非常有一致性，古埃及人根据它来指定历法。
泛滥期或称阿克赫特是当洪水从适合耕种谷物的土壤褪去之时，接下来将伴随着种植期与采收期，被称为佩瑞特与施姆。
这些规律的季节加上大量的野生生物和肥沃的土壤代表埃及居民有办法养育自己，并确保他们的国家在贸易上的实力。
Memphis
尼罗河从南流向北，恰好横越通过上下埃及。
所有埃及的重要城市都沿着这条生命的窄带建造。
由被敌人当作是天然屏障的山脉与沙漠保护着，并由尼罗河的植物与野生生物供养，埃及文明享有超过4000年的经济与文化的蓬勃发展。
The Nile, Egypt
古埃及人与古希腊人在各自的语言中都将尼罗河称为“大河”。
绵延超过6700公里的距离，尼罗河是世界上最长的河流之一。它由南向北流动，横跨今天的11个国家。
尼罗河发源自呀赤道带的大湖区域，包括世界上最大的湖泊之一，今坦桑尼亚附近的维多利亚湖。
The Nile
大河流经非洲大陆赤道附近的森林，沼泽，火山地带，干草原与沙漠，分岔开一小段，带着各地区不同的沉积物并将它们一路带至埃及。
它的主要河道被称为白尼罗河，在喀木土与青尼罗河会合。它在此地与会通过富含泥沙与滋养物的沉积层，并将这些物质纳入自己的波澜之中。
View of the second cataract, from Nubia
尼罗河由南到北流经六座瀑布，在不同的河流区块间创造天然屏障。
瀑布是大约100公里的长型地区，充满气泡和激流漩涡的河水在无数的石堆与陡坎的硬石间湍急地向前流动。
View of the first cataract, from Philae
在通过努比亚和第1座瀑布后，大河正式地在亚斯文回归埃及。
在它抵达开罗和三角洲之间仍然还有一千公里的距离，将生命带给那些居住在它河岸边的生物，直到它最终流入地中海。
埃及的沙漠[]
Wadi Al-Hitan (The Valley of Whales), by Véronique Dauge
自苍翠繁茂的尼罗河向两侧延伸的是严酷干燥的西部沙漠与多山的东部沙漠，它们涵盖将近94%的埃及。
这两座沙漠都拥有各自的微气候，并包含数座拥有特殊动植物的小型沙漠。
鲸鱼化石在撒哈拉沙漠深处被发现，被称为鲸鱼谷，此地点是海洋曾经覆盖过该区域的证据。
在撒哈拉沙漠东北方的白色沙漠的名称是来自于它的白色石灰岩，与黄沙形成鲜明对比。
风将白色沙漠中的岩石侵蚀成蕈状岩，其中最著名的被称为上帝之指。
The Nile, Egypt
大沙海是一座大型且不间断的沙漠，从西边的埃及延伸至东边的利比亚。
这是一种被称为利比亚硅玻璃的独特地质学构成物之产地，这个暗淡的黄绿色物质从小卵石大小的碎片到粗糙大圆石大小的玻璃石块都有。
卡塔拉洼地[]
该地气候十分干燥，平均温度达到摄氏36度。
著名的锡瓦绿洲就位于受到保护的西南地区。
现今，卡塔拉洼地被利用来进行原油钻探。锡瓦[]
Aerial view of Siwa
锡瓦绿洲在埃及的西方沙漠之中。
地理上来说，锡瓦绿洲位于低于海平面20米的漥地。它的天然泉水和温暖气候促成丰富的椰枣树产量。
尽管明显受到某种程度的埃及与非洲文化的影响，该地区的孤立环境造就了独特的社会与语言。
虽然他们敬仰相同的神祇，锡瓦神殿的建筑与传统埃及神殿有所不同。
General View of the Siwa Oasis
由于它独特的地理结构，古王国的埃及人将绿洲称之为大锅。
绿洲对于游牧部落与商队至关重要。没有它们，在如此恶劣的里环境中根本没有机会存活下来。
因此，绿洲迅速成为交易中心和政治管控的地区。
The Nile, Egypt
因为干燥的气候，绿洲能获得的降雨量非常少，反而地下河流在天然的盆地中涌动。
由于许多绿洲与尼罗河平行呈现南北向，有些地理学家提出它们可能曾经是这条巨大河流的直流。
有证据指出古埃及人尝试要创造出一些绿洲。
Dust Storm in Egypt
利比亚绿洲是最有名的，因为它们在地理上与文化上与尼罗河河谷和三角洲有所联系。
这些西方的绿洲有着与其他埃及地区截然不同的地理外形。
最知名和最重要的几座绿洲是哈里杰，达克拉，法拉夫拉，拜哈里耶和锡瓦。
Zeus Ammon on a throne
神谕者预测未来，传递或多或少难以理解的预兆并提供神性的指引。
锡瓦神谕者被认为是古代世界的三大权威之一，与 德尔菲和多多尼的神谕者并列。
由于希腊在昔兰尼加的几处殖民地，神殿将宙斯与对阿蒙的崇拜结合。
Alexander the Great as Pharaoh, Karnak, Temple of Amon, by Jean Binot
这也难怪亚历山大大帝会踏上冒险的旅程到锡瓦来征询神谕者的意见，效法传说中英雄的行为，就像是海克力斯与珀尔修斯。
这项举动获得了神谕者的认同，并认可了他成为埃及法老的要求。
他被证实是阿蒙之子，授予了他迄今在所有埃及的外来入侵者中最正统的权力。
Oracle of Siwa
有权势和有钱的人们会送礼或是旅行很长一段距离，借此确保自己能通过锡瓦神谕者的祝福而获得好运。每次成功的祝福都会提高预言者的名望。
奔跑者尤巴斯塔是著名的昔兰尼公民，他咨询了神谕者来知晓自己会不会赢得公元前408年的第93届奥运会赛跑。他拿下了胜利，并在过程中增加了锡瓦神谕者的名望。
Colossal statue of Amun protecting King Taharqa
Behind the scenes
阿蒙神谕殿由法老雅赫摩斯于公元前6世纪建造。
在游戏中，它的入口被公羊头狮身像们看守着，着是代表阿蒙的动物。它们的灵感来自位于大英博物馆的一座十分类似的圣殿。
另一个选项会是受到希腊化的宙斯-阿蒙表现：有角的狮身人面像，这样的宙斯-阿蒙表现十分流行于锡瓦。
法尤姆[]
Tool. From Egypt, Fayum, along the road between the Fayum and the Giza pyramids.
法尤姆绿洲是西部沙漠中的庞大盆地，借由尼罗河的泛滥而形成。因此，它不被认为是真正的绿洲，尽管它是该地区名称的来源，并涵盖了摩里斯湖。
绿洲藏有某些该地区最古老的考古学遗物，这代表从新石器时代开始就有猎人与采集者居住在该地区。
Egypt
法尤姆绿洲的水会流入摩里斯湖。摩里斯湖是一座辽阔的淡水湖，但在某些时候会变成咸水湖。
在第12王朝，古埃及人使用一座水坝将水流转向，将湖泊当成他们的水库并挖掘出一条供给水道。
灌溉系统让他们能够在整年都持续种植无花果，葡萄和橄榄作物。
Medecine House: nilotic scene, pygmy hunt
芦苇船，风帆船，三列桨座战船与驳船是埃及内陆水域最常被看到的船只。
它们被使用作不同的目的，范围包含日常捕鱼，贸易，战争和旅行，到摆渡用来修建伟大埃及建筑的巨大石块。
Hawara labyrinth
最令人赞叹的金字塔可以追溯至古王国时代，并可以在吉萨的旧址中找到，萨卡拉和代赫舒尔。
然而，有一座在当代尤其出名的金字塔坐落于别的地方。在中王国时期间，有些法老选择法尤姆当作自己最终的安息地，其中的一名统治者是阿蒙涅姆赫特三世。
他的金字塔对古老编年史家留下深刻的影响。他们将它称作“迷宫”，主要是因为在金字塔底端的庞大丧葬神殿结构。希罗多德提到他观察了12座庭院和超过3000座金字塔房间，但他也以喜欢使用夸饰法闻名。
Faiyum, Situation plan of the Labyrinth and its pyramids, by Lepsius, Mercier & Loeillot.
阿蒙涅姆赫特的金字塔在建设时使用了一块石砖核心并覆盖着石板，设计让人无法侵入。墓室是使用单一块沙岩所制成，它的设计十分特别。
理乍得·莱普修斯和弗林德斯·皮特里都探索过该金字塔遗迹，占地385米乘158米，并辨认出此处就是迷宫的所在地。
他们的研究条件十分艰困，因为大部分的遗迹都被附近的水道给淹没了。此外，建筑体的石头与金字塔的外罩都早已被开采走了。
Ubisoft决定要为据说是献给神圣的鳄神索贝克的许多地下土窖，以及这座失落的历史遗迹重新赋予生命。
Krokodilopolis
创建于第5王朝，此地在第12王朝中十分热闹，被称为“谢德埃”。
在托勒密时代，这座大都会被希腊人称为“鳄城”，以表示对鳄神索贝克的敬意。
在希罗时代中，属地公民也就是退伍后居住于该地的托勒密士兵将灌溉系统进行扩张。灌溉和供水分布让可耕种的土地成长为三倍，并让这座城市成为富饶和富有的地区。最高峰时期有27000名居民住在辖区中。
城市地点在战略上控制着许多与主要运河相连结的小型水道，进而掌控至尼罗河。
孟斐斯城[]
Figures of various gods
在古埃及所有是其中的城市都有一项相同的特点，它们都坐落于尼罗河畔。
城市的功能往往是用作治理或敬神，主要城市拥有数座神殿以供奉为数众多的男神或女神。
埃及人将他们的城市组织称作赛帕特，或是之后的波斯语词汇，诺姆。下埃及有20个赛帕特，而上埃及有22个。
古埃及的首都对着世纪经历过多次变更。
Khonsou temple, Euergetes gate, Karnak
其中一座最大的城市是位于下埃及的孟斐斯。它是宗教神殿的重要中心之一，包含着他们最终要的神祇，创造之神卜塔。
底比斯位于上埃及，它媲美着孟斐斯并将且被当作政治与宗教的中心。两座重要的神殿卢克索和卡纳克建造于该地。
塞易斯王朝较小型的首都为塞易斯城，这是埃及最后的原生埃及人之首都。
重新发现埃及[]
Saqqarah / 19th century
19世纪随着观光于挖掘情形大幅增加以及来自其他国家的非法倒卖，都威胁着埃及的考古遗产。
埃及人本身也参与了这场破坏行动，洗劫遗址中的古物来转卖，从遗迹中搬走巨石与肥沃的古老泥块来自行利用。
François Auguste Ferdinand Mariette, Egyptologist
为了保存埃及的遗产，一项主要政策于1858年成立，埃及总督创建了文物理事会。
在外国学者团队的支持下，奥古斯特·马利特在理事会上实施了严格的管制。他带着着使命前往埃及各处，甚至去了努比亚，在几乎所有大型考古站都介入过。
意识到要将尚未出土的文物留在埃及的必要性，马利特在1858年要求创建一个博物馆以达到这般要求。这博物馆正是埃及博物馆的前身。
Portrait of Gaston Maspero
加斯东·马伯乐是马利特的继任者，同样扩展并重整了文物理事会，发起律法限制文物的输出。
法国学者们持续主导者理事会，直到1950年代才转移给了埃及。
在19世纪中，埃及学快速称为私立学府以及知识协会所认可的学科。
Archaeologist Jean Claude Golvin in June 2002
一名法国建筑师，考古学家以及前研究者，尚-克洛德·高尔文现在专注于以美术重现古代城市与遗迹。
直至今日，他已经创作了超过800幅画作，当中包括三册专注在重现古埃及原貌的画册。
他的作品表现出非常精致的细节，同时可以在全世界的图书馆以及书本中当中看到。
City of Krokodilopolis
制作团队也很兴奋能与尚-克洛德·高尔文合作来重新构筑游戏中的埃及。
在这他特地为制作团队绘制的19张水彩画中，高尔文使用科学数据作为基本来推测，借此为古埃及的许多地点与以及提供了完整的诠释。
早期草图以及完整演算的图片被制作团队用来作为打造《刺客信条：起源》世界的参考。
尽管古埃及丰富的信仰文化以及丧葬遗迹仍被深入研究中，埃及学的主要学派则转移了目标。
与其单纯取得惊人的文物，埃及学家们今日倾向于提升对于埃及的知识。
在过去，考古挖掘会直接在实地执行，虽然现在仍然也是这么做，但是许多有关埃及学的研究都转移到了图书馆或数据库当中。
时至今日，埃及的考古学仰赖着跨学科的接触，现在不同领域各种学科的科学家们互相协助埃及学家，找出全新，非入侵式的技术。
GPS数据，卫星影像遗迹透地雷达让考古学家能够在开挖之前先知道地下埋藏着什么。泡碱[]
古埃及的动物[]
Eyeshadow palette, decoraed with hyenas or lycaon from the Neolithic Period
早在第一王朝时，家禽与野生动物就出现在埃及的浮雕中。
除了多元的生态能够作为可靠的食物来源以外，这也同时影响了文化以及神话。
古埃及的植物[]
Sennedjem and Ilneferti in the Fields of Iaru, painting from the 19th Dynasty
尼罗河三角洲的气候与独特地理特性，造就了多元的植被。
许多植物都被古埃及人作为生计来源，同时也作为交易用的作物。
尼罗河三角洲规律的季节变化，让埃及可以维生数世纪之久。
Crafting of papyrus boasts: relief from Niuserrer's chamber of the seasons from the 5th Dynasty
植物之中最有用的大概是莎草，这个高立的莎草科植物沿着尼罗河的水边丰富的滋长着。
虽然最常被用来造纸，古埃及人还找到了许多不同的用途，包含了编制绳索，拖鞋以及地毯。
有莎草花装饰的船只是用植物座的，这种植物也在画作与浮雕中会看到，同时也被用在进行仪式。
古埃及圣书文[]
圣书文被视为神圣的文字，出现在遗迹，雕像和神圣莎草纸上，形似圣书文的符号最早可追溯到公元前4000年的陶器上。
这类风格的标志和图画是从古代起源一直流传到法老统治结束的唯一书写方式。
古埃及人则把圣书文称为诸神的书写。
圣书文是个困难的语言，它原本为法老，贵族以及祭司所用，而且只会用在仪式，古墓以及政府记录中。
因为只有少数埃及人才能阅读古老的圣书文，为这语言在他们自己的文化中添增了一层神秘面纱。
在许多神殿当中，祭司会举行仪式以及每日祭品。
在陵墓壁画当中，圣书文以惯有的方式来吟诵。这些口语代表着符咒，为了让死者在永恒之终能从供品中受益。
符咒与祭品同时也会用在活着的人身上，借此强化药效并治疗疾病。
最著名的古埃及文档莫过于“死者之书”了。
以圣书文与僧侣文书写的这份文档，描写出了重要的符咒与仪式。
这些符咒是为了确保生命到死亡之间能有平稳的转变，并让逝者能够安全地穿过死后世界的危险。
尽管成功解读之后，因为可以从许多方向读起的关系，使得圣书文的阅读依旧困难。
根据符号的方向，圣书文可以从左到右，从右到左，或者水平和垂直阅读，但绝不会是从底部往上阅读。
要从哪个方向阅读起的线索就在于象征符号所面对的方向。如果一个象形文字往右看着，这就代表读者必须从右边开始读起。
莎草纸上的文字则从右侧开始，然后从每列的上方读往下方。
古墓中书写的文字则类似于漫画中的结构。
文字可以放在角色的前方，后方或上方，而它的符号则与角色面对的方向一致。
另一个线索则是神的名字，或者象征诸神或国王的圣书文，它们总是写在描述文字之前。
与字母语言相比，埃及圣书文拥有更多符号。
为了解决缺乏元音的情况，埃及人发明了一种符号类型，当这些符号放在单后缀端时，它们能定义该单字的意思。
举个例子，一只狮子的画像可以代表狮子，同时也有因为狮子常与危险或强大联想在一起的抽象概念。
中埃及圣书文的符号略超过七百个，到了希腊罗马年代尾声，符号数量更是达到了一万个。
埃及学家，艾伦·加德纳爵士创建了一个用来分辨常见圣书文符号与变体版本的列表。
古代埃及语言与亚洲和非洲语言有着许多相似之处。它们皆与埃及文书写法有着类似的演变。
这些语言属于闪含语系。埃及语言有着五种明显的演化，每种都有自己独特的结构。这些语言被称为古埃及文，中埃及文，晚埃及文，世俗文与科普特文。
科普特文时唯一存活的语言，让语言学家们能够找出元音结构并区分不同的方言。
虽然圣书文和僧侣文让我们大略得知古埃及语言的构造和写作方式，但是它的发音方式至今仍有争议。
制作团队选择了英文作为口语交谈，人物们则使用古埃及和希腊单字与口音。
背景人群所使用的语言主要是基于艾伦·加纳德爵士的埃及文法。
为了重现着个已经失传的语言，我们向埃及学家和对话教练咨询并设置了目标发音，接着找来拥有阿拉伯，希伯来和非洲背景的配音员们赋予游戏生命。
在亚历山大大帝来到埃及并创建起他的政权后，希腊文成为了政府机构使用的语言。
无法阅读圣书文使得希腊人感到愤愤不平，而为了缓和这紧张的情势，才有了罗塞塔石碑。
基督教的扩散为法老文化画上了句号，也导致了非基督教建筑的破坏。
这点同时也让圣书文的写作与理解彻底失传。尚-法兰索瓦·商博良[]
The long-desired fulffiled knowledge occult alphabets, attributed to Ibn Wahshiyya
从公元5世纪到文艺复兴时期，关于圣书文的知识完全失传了。
许多热衷于此的人们接受了解译此语言的挑战，然而几乎没有进展。在不同研究人员确定名字与部分文法结构下，一些基础知识由此而生，并确认了王名圈代表着王家名称的标记。
他们仍然缺少信息的重要片段，而这关键部分的解谜都要感谢罗塞塔石碑的出土。
Rosetta Stone / Ptolemaic Era
罗塞塔石碑在1799年被拿破仑军队中的一名士兵，布夏德发现了。
这块石板可追溯自公元前196年，上头以三种文字书写着而古埃及文与希腊文：包括圣书文，世俗文以及希腊字母。
随着拿破仑·波拿巴在1801年战败之后，英国人取得了这块石碑的所有权。从1802年开始，它就在大英博物馆展示至今，也是该博物馆有史以来最多人探访的古物。
Portrait of Jean-François Champollion, Egyptologist
1803年，第一段被解译出来的时希腊文的部分。里面详细记载了托勒密五世的法老诏书，提醒着国民，他们的法老领导者埃及迎向繁盛的世代。
二十年后，以摹本研究的尚-法兰索瓦·商博良完全翻译了整块石碑。
"La Grammaire egyptienne" Autograph manuscript by Champollion
在他对石碑的研究中，商博良成功观察到一个能够解开谜团的关键要点。那就是圣书文不仅是表意文字，更是音标符号。
圣书文由音标符号，单字符和语标所组成。本质上来说，它们是语音，字母以及完整单字的组合，整体上则形成了一种语言。
Foundation plague from the Serapeum in Alexandria, showing the Greek and Egyptian inscriptions
商博良在研究石碑的时候，意识到同一个单字，圣书文的字符数量与希腊字母的数量有所不同。这使他相信圣书文必定具有语音特质。
这也就是解开罗塞塔石碑秘密的第一步。
Inscription fragment of Ptolemy I's cartouches
为了证明这个理论，商博良开始辨识历代埃及统治者的名讳，接着将它们的语音发音与希腊版本进行比较。
例如，基奥普斯就是古代编年史作家们给大金字塔主人，胡夫的希腊名。
创建昔兰尼[]
Map of the world by Eratosthenes of Cyrene, circa 240 BCE
昔兰尼加横跨了非洲西北方的海岸。在古代这里被称为“五城”，与希腊殖民期间有五座大城市成立有所关联。
在绿山的茂密平原上也就是现今的利比亚的位置，希腊殖民者在公元前630创建起了昔兰尼这座城市。
昔兰尼的人口成长地很快，扩散到整个高原的梯田上面，让它称为了第一个也是最大一个的殖民地。
Arcesilaus II, king of Cyrene, supervising the weighing and storage of silphium.
昔兰尼这座城市是由巴图斯·亚里斯多德在德尔菲的神谕者领导下建成的。
过度拥挤又遭遇干旱，巴图斯的家乡，锡拉之岛无法供养所有人的生活。巴图斯向神谕者咨询，并得知它们必须前往北非海岸寻找可耕作地。
在前面两个世纪当中，许多国王统治过这座城市。然而，一场叛乱彻底终结了君主制度，从此以后，这座城市由贵族治理。
Agora of Cyrene
昔兰尼的主要特点就是奉献给诸神的神殿：例如阿波罗，狄蜜特和宙斯，以及托勒密王朝的伊赛特和塞拉皮斯神。
公元2世纪末期时港口周围新建了一道防御城墙。随着城市逐渐发展，越来越多的建筑物开始修建在城墙外围。
Two-faced bust, likely Aristippus of Cyrene and his daughter, Arete
在罗马的影响下，昔兰尼成为一个经济强势的城邦，在整个地中海中占有一席之地。
除了希腊城市科斯岛之外，昔兰尼的医学院与各地不相上下。
古代数学，天文学和地理学的一些伟大思想家出生于此或在城里的各个学派中受到启发，其中包括由苏格拉底学生阿瑞斯提普斯所创立的哲学学院。
Statue of a draped woman, acephalous
从公元115年到公元117年，犹太区发生了一场反叛，给昔兰尼带来严重的损伤。
长久下来，一连串的战争，差劲的罗盘草耕种管理和地震，对城市造成不可复原的伤害。
它在公元365年时被完全废弃了。
广场与温泉浴场[]
昔兰尼的广场是城市的公共集市与政治中心。
它有着露天的中央庭院，摊贩群集而商店立于周围，有些甚至恰好塞得进有长屋顶的柱廊之下。
和其他希腊城市中相同，广场有一座中央炉灶，被称作公共会堂。此处时昔兰尼的官方使馆，用来款待造访城市的宾客。
一尊代表着海战胜利的无名雕像是广场上的中心摆饰。
雕像的女性形象可能代表着尼姬，胜利女神。
它可能与萨莫色雷斯的胜利女神非常相似，该女神像目前存放于卢浮宫博物馆，并被制作团队用作参考。
昔兰尼广场上也陈列着许多神殿与纪念碑来庆祝它的创建人巴图斯国王和城市的诸神。
有两座圣坛与阿波罗神殿有所关联，并有座大理石雕像基地供奉着利比亚女神。
城市的建筑群包含一座法院，并附带着一座文件馆。文件馆收藏了法律文献和其他城市治理上不可或缺的文档。
残存建筑物被火损坏的痕迹显示它可能在公元115年的一场犹太人团体的叛乱中被摧毁。
公共澡堂在罗马与希腊城市中十分常见，而昔兰尼也遵照这项传统。
两座来自不同时代的热水澡堂在遗迹中被发现。
在其中一座澡堂门口的刻字被推测可能归咎于其拥有者，它证明了此建筑物是存在希腊化时代。
马赛克原先是基于很实际的原因所创造：对于防水地板的需求。
由希腊人从埃及和昔兰尼加引进，设计上象征着日常生活，海洋动物与神话生物。
出了传统希腊图样，他们同时结合了特定的埃及文化概念，像是莲花。
不过，至今马赛克复原的最佳范品却是来自亚历山大。
昔兰尼澡堂被安置在一座地下陵墓之中，陵墓的年代约在公元前8至6世纪之间。
澡堂座椅是直接刻入石头中而成，进而提供更舒适的洗澡环境。
如同许多的公共建筑物，热水澡堂也会被精心装饰。像是阿芙萝黛蒂或是弓箭手厄洛斯的雕像，就在其中被发现。
凉室，也就是冷水池，是来宾第一间进入的房间。随后会进入温室或是温水区，并接着是热水房，称之为热室。
热水澡堂的水源来自于天然的泉水，发热的石块被放置在水中来制造所需要的蒸汽。
流动的泉水最终会来到一座水槽与喷泉，被称为奥古斯塔水池。
较晚的罗马澡堂是在图拉真皇帝时期建造的，并接着在哈德良时期整修。
在公元365年的一起地震后，它们被采用拜占庭设计的澡堂给取代，并在重建中使用到旧热水澡堂的石头。
制作团队通过描写图拉真时期所建造之澡堂的历史文档来创造出游戏中可进入的场所。昔兰尼的宙斯神殿[]
面朝东方日出伫立着一座供奉宙斯教派的神殿，它是在公元前5世纪中的某些时候被建造的。
长70米并有着46根多立克式的圆柱，这座雄伟的建筑物是在非洲被建造的最庞大的希腊神殿。比帕德嫩神殿以及奥林匹亚的宙斯神殿略大一些。
外部使用多立克建筑常见的装饰元素进行设计。
柱子们有着不同的尺寸，让造访者观看建筑物的各面向时都可以给予独一无二的感受。
在神殿于犹太人叛乱期间被摧毁后，哈德良皇帝将它进行重建。他选择不重新建造外柱廊，但用大理石修复了新的科林斯柱。
神殿后来在马克·奥里略统治下完工。
在奥古斯都时期，一座十分相似但是较小的奥林匹亚宙斯神殿之模仿建筑被使用来敬神。
哈德良接着比照奥林匹亚的宙斯神殿建置了新的12米高雕像，它是使用凿刻的大理石制成，并在头，手臂与脚部分使用圆雕技巧。
考古学家确定这座神殿中有一座纪念性的宙斯雕像，然而专家们对于它到底是属于宙斯还是更特定的宙斯-阿蒙教派之神祇仍抱持着不同意见。
基于认识到昔兰尼在希腊地中海地区是宙斯-阿蒙的扩张核心，制作团队决定将此教派的雕像放置在这个地点。昔兰尼的重要名胜[]
阿波罗神殿坐落于昔兰尼高原的一处突出边缘，眺望着地中海。
它可以借由阿波罗尼亚的路通过冥都而入，或是采用神圣的方式，自城市的广场进入。
城市内遍布的大量神殿与雕像反映出受到希腊与埃及教派数世纪影响的现象。
供奉阿波罗的神殿，昔兰尼和宙斯立于那些托勒密诸神诸如塞拉皮斯与伊赛特的旁边。
许多喷泉被装饰来代表其他的神祇们，包括城市的命名典故，昔兰尼。
一座被称为普罗皮莱们的门廊标记着它的入口，并有着显眼的阿波罗的喷泉。
太阳与守护之神阿波罗对希腊与罗马都是一名重要的神祇。
为了向他敬奉所建的神殿被认为是十分神圣的。
壮观的神殿建筑有着自然的壁带，伸展超过200米的长度并大约有50米的宽度，而且被大量的多立克列柱给环绕。
由考古学家发现的片段指出针对柱子的修复工程大约发生在公元115-116年之间。
祭坛位于神殿的前方，它们被估计出自相同的时期，但是在不同的时间被进行修复。
每年都由许多公牛在祭坛以敬奉阿波罗的名义被献祭，为了绑住动物在环形物上的石头留下的痕迹在今日依然可见。
在罗马化时代所雕刻出的“阿波罗与七弦琴”于神殿附近被找到，它被认为是一项重要的考古学发现。
阿波罗的雕像在被发现时是破碎的状态。令人惊讶的是，大部分的碎块都被寻找到，而修复后的雕像现今位于大英博物馆。
制作团队根据目前的部分重建推断出雕像的最后样貌，并将它放入神殿中来表现出该时代的守护神。
昔兰尼的圆形竞技场位于被称为莫陶沙台地的地方，就在阿波罗神殿旁边。
它在2世纪时建于一座老旧的剧场之上。
原本作为舞台使用，这座剧场在罗马的角斗士娱乐活动来到这座城市最后变成的圆形竞技场。
入口被设置在圆形竞技场的两侧尽头，一座墙取代了前两排的看台作为当成对厂商大批野生动物的保护措施。
用来让野兽与角斗士游走行进的通道环绕着竞技场，和罗马竞技场的通道不一样，它是位在圆形竞技场下方。
地下室和回廊用来容纳角斗士与动物，还包括将陷阱提升至竞技场中心的升降机。
由于原本的剧场十分靠近悬崖侧壁，扩建工程无法提供一个完美的圆形，反而是接合了半圆形的结构来让竞技场成为椭圆形形状。椭圆形的结构依然能确保在每个角度都能得到很好的视野。
制作团队因为技术原因决定创造一个完美圆形的剧场，并采用罗马剧场的结构来当作他们的参考来源。昔兰尼的卫城[]
位于城市的西方边缘，昔兰尼的卫城比希腊的还要小，但它的制高点为城市提供保护。
在它的入口只有单一扇门，并在侧面有两座塔。一段至今清晰可见的铭文表示城墙与要塞在奥古斯都时期被修复。
遗址中有挖掘出数座小雕像，其中包括贝勒尼基，昔兰尼国王马格斯之女。马格斯是托勒密二世同母异父的兄弟。
在东北塔处，有一座由两座小神殿和门廊构成的圣殿，并有着一座被认为是塞拉皮斯与伊赛特的圣坛。
当神殿被发掘时，考古学家发现火焰损害的痕迹，然而没有任何迹象显示这场火灾是什么时候发生的。
在20世纪中，一座防御工事建造在整个地区之上来对抗来袭的军队。
它完全涵盖了附近罗马房屋的古代遗迹，而考古学家尚未将它们完全挖掘出。角斗士竞技场[]
尽管角斗士一直到之后的罗马时代才会在昔兰尼进行打斗，但制作团队决定要加入角斗士竞技场的原因有二。
第一，他们觉得去描写这方面的罗马人生活是很重要的；和第二点，他们感觉这会为游戏体验增加有趣的可能性。
第一批进入竞技场的角斗士是战争中的俘虏。
这是展现人与野兽之间暴力交锋的壮观场面，持续了将建一千年。
到后来自愿者开始上场。为了地位与财富，大量更有技巧的战士也提升了娱乐质量。因此，角斗士这项职业出现了。
受到角斗士雇主合约的约束，斗士们在营房内用餐，训练并被看守。
角斗士被分成重装与轻装的斗士，各自拥有特定的护甲和武器配置。
举办者通常会让受到观众支持的两组派别在战斗中对上彼此。
比赛筹备相当完整，决斗时将会有背景音乐以及裁判监督。
死亡，不论是经由战斗或是被判决的结果，并不一定是落败方的唯一出路。
有些人因为他们的表现而被释放，并成为恶名昭彰的名人。昔兰尼的主要出口物品[]
昔兰尼的经济财富之主要来源为种植并出口罂粟花和罗盘草。
尽管罂粟花产出的鸦片油也是出口项目之一，跟这项作物有关的信息并不多。
关于种植罗盘草的信息反倒对我们来说更容易取得。
罗盘草和它黄色的花朵，被当作是太阳神的赏赐。
只在地中海周遭的区域生长，罗盘草的提取物被高价出口并对于昔兰尼加的财富至关重要，因此它被雕刻在他们的钱币上。
罗盘草的根部会产生一种树脂，而希腊人与罗马人都会在药材中使用它来治疗咳嗽，发烧，消化不良和许多其他病痛，它也被当作避孕药使用。
在来自公元前4世纪的食谱汇集中，该草药在各种各样的食谱中被提及，包括一道红鹤菜肴。
高需求量，过度滥采和也许某次气候的变迁造成罗盘草的最终灭绝。
最后一次关于它的提及是在公元4世纪，而从此之后就再也没有发现过这种植物的记录。金字塔[]
金字塔的起源[]
“金字塔（pyramid）”这个词的来源具有争议性，大部分人相信它来源自希腊文的“puramis”意思是圆锥形的面包。
古埃及生与死的概念源自太阳的周期变换，金字塔光滑面的完美形状被联想成法老在死后转化成为一道太阳光芒的象征。
金字塔代表着奔奔石，赫利奥波利斯创世神话中的原始之丘，这些故事或多或少掺杂在埃及人生活中的每个面向。
在前王朝时期中，丧葬习俗的发展会因为居住者位于上埃及或下埃及而有所不同。
早在金字塔出现之前，就存在有墓葬冢。
在下埃及的迈里姆德贝尼萨拉迈有一处地点，我们在哪里找到最古老的墓葬地点，可追溯到公元前5000年。
对于陵墓的研究显示死者的尸体会被存放在不深的坟墓当中，呈现胎儿的姿势。尽管在这些坟墓中发现了一些物件，但它们无法让我们判断那些存放于其中之人的社会阶级。
在上埃及，前王朝的习俗较容易探究，但是显示出较复杂的丧葬仪式。它们被分成两种文化时期：拜达里与那加答。
拜达里时期是从公元前4400年到公元前3800年，在村落外围发现的小型冥都都证明某种丧葬教派的出现。
死者的尸体被向下放入椭圆形的坟墓，并使用山羊或瞪羚皮覆盖，日常用品会被附加在尸体旁。
在三个那加答时期中，从公元前4000年到公元前3510年，丧葬习俗发展得更加复杂。
陵墓的形状从椭圆形转变为矩形，以模仿生者房屋的羊毛。墓地的增大，而丧葬物品变得更多且具装饰性。
陵墓变得更加复杂，会使用砌体结构，木制饰皮肤或砖块来强化结构。
随着时间经过，具有社会阶层区分的冥都开始出现。举例来说，在希拉孔波利斯，社会精英与平民有着各自的冥都。
石室坟墓这个词在阿拉伯方言中代表着“庞大的长凳”是指一种在埃及远古时期到中王国时期所出现的丧葬建筑。
作为一种墓葬冢的演变，石室坟墓通常由两个部分所组成。一座在地面上建筑的结构，形状是庞大的矩形并有阶梯状的墙壁，还在其下方的地下墓室。
小型的石质坟墓时常会围绕在大上许多的国王陵墓附近，这些坟墓通常存放着国王亲戚与朝臣的遗体。
石室坟墓底部构造的配置在古王国时期发生演变。
从第五王朝之后，石室坟墓通常会有复数房间作为底部构造，有时会多达30间房间。此外，装饰的数量与质量显著地提高，就和在其中发现的雕像数量一样。
第六王朝能够见到艺术被展现至极限，整个石室坟墓的表面会被日常生活的景象覆盖，说明这些有幸在法老金字塔附近舒适地度过永生的人们是多么地富裕成功。
这类石室坟墓中最好的里斯是围在萨卡拉的梅里鲁卡坟墓。左塞尔的阶梯金字塔建筑群[]
阶梯金字塔位于一个被建物围绕起来的中心处，建物群包含神殿，宫殿模型与其他人造建物，全是为了法老左塞尔的死后世界而建。
这个埋葬站址本身就涵盖了十五公亩，同时也位于萨卡拉高原的最高点。
从这个站址的细节与规模中可以明显看到，这个站址在当时来说是个技术性的奇观。
唯一关于站址设计图的数据，被发现在一面印有一间地窖规划草稿的石块上。
阶梯金字塔是第一个建造在石头上的纪念碑，垂直60米高，是当时最高的建物。
这座4700年前建成的建物，原先只是要作为一个石室坟墓，也就是平顶的长方形古墓设计。它著名的建筑师伊姆霍特普，可能认为这样的设计对伟大的法老左塞尔来说太卑微了，因而增加了阶梯设计。
阶梯金字塔站址收到一个1600米长，10米高的围墙围起来。
这个巨大的墙壁是用白色石灰岩制成的，而方向上是沿着南北向。
虽然有着14道门，但是只有东门使用来让生者通过的。其余假门是用来让国王的“卡”通过使用。
与假门相同地，还有模仿御敌城墙的棱堡，鉴定设计的墙壁。
这些设计要素的配置，显示出它们与赫卜赛德节有所关联。
唯一真正能进入站址的入口要通过一个狭长的廊道。
这个室内空间有着被雕塑来模仿原木的石质屋檐。
在通道的末端是个巨大的开口。由于用意是要模仿成门廊，那里雕塑这永远敞开而无法被移动的大门与枢纽。
这个廊道布有二十对最高六米的柱子，个别都是由石块堆栈而成。完成品的表面是用来模仿一束束芦苇捆。
在这些柱子上可以发现红色颜料的踪迹，而支撑的墙壁有着黑色的颜料。这很有可能是要让墙壁混入阴影中，给予红色柱子独自立起的错觉。
在两侧的柱子都存在着石室，而这些被认为是用来代表上，下埃及各行省的空间。
根据一些埃及学家的说法，这些房间的配置可能具有仲裁与审判的象征。
这座古墓受到一条雕刻出来的蛇形所保护着，它位在庭院的南方。墓室就在它的下方，隔着一个30米深的竖井。
这个有着低矮天花板的石室与石室坟墓相似，而它也相对于未来的墓室显得比较完整。
这座古墓是由粉红色的花岗岩所制成，然而有证据显示这里曾是打磨过后的石灰岩。由于这里对于遗体来说显得太小，有可能这座古墓的用意是要给国王的“卡”使用，也可能是放置国王器官的卡诺卜坛。
后来埋葬传统则是会将卡诺卜坛与遗体放在相同的石室中。
一个从古墓延伸出受过打磨的石灰岩楼梯，向西引往地底下的居所。
其中一些房间是要让国王与他的家人在死后世界使用。里面发现了大量的陶罐，其中甚至还贮藏着啤酒，牛奶以及油。
其中虚假的门廊上，装饰着国王参与仪式的浮雕。
在这些浮雕中，可以看到他携带着农用工具奔跑着，并且进行着一个复活死者的仪式。
建筑师伊姆霍特普选择使用石材作为建材，以让这座站址能够长久保存。
随着最开始的石室墓穴完成时，伊姆霍特普设计出了一个规模更具野心的埋葬处。他决定要将坟墓彼此堆栈。
通过阶梯上额外的且很，证据显示金字塔被增建了两次，而最终的高度是62米，底部长宽则是121米与109米构成。
允许法老进入诸神世界的楼梯，则是借由阶层堆栈的矩形金字塔呈现，完全包起了原始的石质坟墓。
这个金字塔本身是个实心的建筑，它所有的石室与走道都是在建物之下。
法老神圣的左塞尔是第三王朝的创立者，他统治了19年。
在他的统治期间，他以荷鲁斯·尼特杰里赫特为名，意指“诸神的躯体”。他在死后数个世纪之后作为敬意的象征被给予了左塞尔的名字，而他也经常被认为是埃及最伟大的法老之一。
有一部以他为名的伪经在托勒密时期被写成，当时距离他的死亡已经是两千五百年后。
左塞尔被连结为天空之神荷鲁斯的人形化身。一座接近于阶梯金字塔的基座写着他的名字，并且连结着荷鲁斯。
他也是第一个住在孟斐斯的法老，让该地成为附近区域的政府中心枢纽。
在萨卡拉的站址以前，左塞尔也以建造许多神殿和纪念碑知名。
该种埋葬站址是同种建设的首例，而它也是左塞尔最伟大的建筑成就。
这个埋葬站址的建设上模仿着左塞尔宫殿，其中有着模仿逆转，树与芦苇而刻制的石头。
要在一个硬质岩石上创造出这些细节与细微的纹路，是个非常费时且费力的任务。
而这座站址的许多设计是为了进行赫卜赛德节，以让国王能够在死后世界也能有办法巩固他的统治。
在角落的是个被称之为“T”的神殿。这座神殿是整个站址中最为神秘的建筑。
它的外部立面是平整的，同时其中却使用复杂的节德柱与雕刻物所装饰。
很有可能这个地方是要让国王的“卡”实体化的场所，从死后世界象征性地拜访赫卜赛德庭院的平台。
The Heb Sed festival enabled the pharaoh to maintain universal order, and renew godly powers.
Through a series of trials and religious rites such as dance, offerings and visiting the sanctuaries of various deities, the ruler's vital force and divine nature was confirmed.
The celebration was meant to represent the ruler's jubilee and would take place every 30 years, though the deadline was not always followed.
The earliest known ritual dates from the 1st Dynasty.
Within the complex of Djoser, south-east of the pyramid, is a dedicated space for this essential ritual to be performed by the king even in the afterlife.
The Heb Sed courtyard is lined with false chapels, and equipped with a platform featuring two staircases meant to represent Upper and Lower Egypt.
Located in the courtyard, the two pavilions are believed to represent the palaces of Upper and Lower Egypt.
Rectangular in shape, the two replica structures face one another. Their façade is similar to the chapels of the Heb Sed ceremony, with column crowns carved to look Like falling leaves.
Because Queen Hetephernebty and Princess Inetkaes' names were discovered on a stela near the pavilions, it is thought that these funerary chapels were intended for them.
The funerary temple is on the north side of the complex, facing the stars where the deceased ruler was believed to travel after death.
Within this temple was the pharaoh's serdab or cellar. It is a small enclosed space with one wall sloped to match the first step of the pyramid.
The north wall has two observation holes.
A statue of Djoser is seated on the throne, wearing a mantle and a tripartite wig with a crown known as a nemes.
Representing the king's ka, this statue looks through the observation holes into the courtyard, enabling the king to observe the ceremonies and receive offerings in the afterlife.
左塞尔阶梯金字塔内部[]
阶梯金字塔的建筑师伊姆霍特普对于法老左塞尔是非常重要之人，对于整体古埃及人也一样。
一座左塞尔雕像的基底在1926年被发现，它颂扬伊姆霍特普是木匠，雕刻家，制石者和先知领袖。
我们对于伊姆霍特普每日的生活所知甚少。虽然他在写作医疗文字上提供了贡献，不过他作为建筑师这个角色却最为人所知。
从金字塔的设计到建物本身内含的元素，伊姆霍特普打算要创造能够使他的国王获得永生的东西。
作为一项建筑学的成就，阶梯金字塔是使用石块而非泥块所建造。这是埃及人第一次建造这么高的纪念建物。
伊姆霍特普明确地想要使用石头来反映出天然的材料。
左塞尔的墓葬群在接下来的数百年与数千年都十分著名，而它的伟大建筑是伊姆霍特普在晚期被古埃及人给神化。
除了在中央为左塞尔所建造的地下宫殿，还有11座井被挖掘。每座井都有33米深，并与延伸约20米的水平长廊连结。
前五座长廊都是提供给王室家族的成员使用。
有两条通道通往地底并查分成三个方向进入不同的仓储长廊。
这个庞大的地底空间容纳着贮藏区块与典礼供品。
其中一条地道从金字塔的东侧起始，容纳着40000个石质器皿，其中许多原先属于国王的祖先。
左塞尔的墓室位于一座28米深的竖井底部。
根据埃及学家尚-菲利普·洛埃，此房间原本是使用磨亮的石灰岩块所制成，而它的天花板使用五角星来装饰。
然而在某个时间点，石灰岩块全部都被粉红色的花岗岩取代，只剩下作为星星装饰的石灰岩块碎片。
在房间的最底部有着许多通往各方向的地道。这座由地道，长廊与房间组成的迷宫横跨了超越五公里。
有一定数量的死路与假门，它们可能是为死后世界而设计，而非愚蠢的窃贼。
不像吉萨或孟卡拉的大金字塔，左塞尔金字塔没有任何被窃贼挖开的额外通道。
不需要用到这些通道，由于要进入这些地道与长廊十分容易，窃贼一旦进入神殿后既可以轻易的将它搬空。
左塞尔木乃伊被偷走的时间是未知的，所剩部位仅有左脚，由法国埃及学家尚-菲利普·洛埃在1934年发现。这名建筑师用他的一生致力于周密地探索这座建物，并相信它是属于左塞尔的。
法老的房间也被称作蓝室，使用蓝绿色砖瓦来进行装饰，这是为了要模仿他的宫殿中覆盖着墙壁与窗户的芦苇席。
石块被小心翼翼地弯曲并涂色以看起来像是敞开门口和窗帘的卷起草席。
有两个长形房间，沿着南北轴并靠在一起。
南方房间有使用时半分隔开的假门，而北方房间是一条走廊来通向其他的房间。
门框使用上等的石灰岩制成，并刻有国王的名字。
而在南方的陵墓，门框上刻有浮雕。这些浮雕显示国王无止尽的进行仪式以及拜访圣所。
它们的没不是有制作团队附加的虚构内容，来增加陵墓的惊奇感。
从这个建物的精巧细节与规模可以明显看到，这个丧葬纪念建物在当时来说是个技术上的奇观。斯尼夫鲁的第一座金字塔[]
在第4王朝首任国王斯尼夫鲁的长期统治之下，埃及之丧葬纪念建物建设的最杰出与最具创造性的时期就此展开。
丧葬纪念建物设计从阶梯金字塔转变成了光滑表面金字塔，这些实际的建物正是演进的证明。
此设计的最初尝试是美杜姆的金字塔。当斯尼夫鲁的七阶金字塔纪念建物开始建造时，它在后来的纪念建物成八阶的结构。建造的最后阶段可以看到突出的台阶，并使用了外盖来让表面变平顺。
然而光滑处理的墙面没有提供足够的黏着力，而外盖并没有被支撑在坚固的地基上。因此，四面外墙的基底无法承受，导致墙壁下滑并坍塌。
虽然美杜姆金字塔因为设计上的瑕疵而被放弃，但它展现了其他革新并影响了未来的金字塔设计。
就像是光滑的坡面，这次首次有礼仪用途的铺路被建造，从山谷导向至金字塔的神殿。另一项革新是和墓室有关，它不在位于井的底部，而是在地表以上。
这项改动推进了三寝室系统的开始。代赫舒尔的曲折金字塔[]
在美杜姆金字塔的建造失败后，斯尼夫鲁将他的居所与官方冥都转移至代赫舒尔。在哪里他开始了他在建造丧葬纪念建物的第二次尝试。
完工的建筑被称为曲折金字塔，这样的形状在埃及只有它一座。虽然该金字塔被证明不稳固并被放弃，它象征着一次记述上与建筑商的突破。宣示着一项非常重要的设计变革即将发生，曲折金字塔展现了从阶梯金字塔到实用的滑面金字塔之变革。
曲折金字塔的特别之处是拥有两座不同的入口：一座是在背面，而另一座在西面。
在这座金字塔中的房间太小而无法将人类埋葬其中，它原先可能是要埋藏用来储藏“卡（死去国王的“生命之灵”）”的雕像。
有了曲折金字塔，建筑师们成功地实现出一种全新的想法：用渐进水平设计的方式将安置的大石块作为核心来建造金字塔。
如此一来，各个建造阶段都可以在单次工期完成，让建筑师可以完全掌控每一项设计元素。
不幸的是，这些预防措施并没有阻止金字塔内部房间的下陷或破裂。斯尼夫鲁放弃了纪念建物，并又开始建造另一座金字塔。代赫舒尔的红色金字塔[]
红金字塔建在曲折金字塔以北两公里处，它的名字来源是建造时所用到的微红石灰岩。红金字塔的高度达到105米。
虽然红金字塔的地表层比曲折金字塔的还要低，它们的高度实际上差不多相同。
这次的任务是要让金字塔成为几何上的真实平面金字塔，因此催生了另一项新的设计构想：外罩石块的使用。
金字塔的下行窄道可由北面进入并会抵达地面层，该处存在两间有南北对齐的高天花板的壮观房间，并由水平的短通道相连结。
由楼梯进入的第二间房间的南面墙壁，另一条窄道会通往最后的房间，它是金字塔本身的是在建筑中建造，并向东西对齐。红金字塔的附加物包含了一座小丧葬神殿，位于东边。一条甬道据推测从东边的神殿开凿而来，但它尚未被挖掘出来。
红金字塔在结构上十分稳固，于完工时在设计方面留下了非凡的里程碑。
在多次尝试后终于成功为自己建造了一座合适的丧葬纪念建物，斯尼夫鲁知道他在死后的未来已经不须操心。中王国的金字塔群[]
在中王国时代期间，第12王朝的有权统治者恢复了精心制作金字塔陵墓的传统。
举例来说，阿蒙涅姆赫特一世在利什特建造了墓葬群，而森沃斯勒二世选中位在法尤姆的拉罕。阿蒙涅姆赫特二世和赛索斯特利斯三世却对带和舒特展现出喜爱。阿蒙涅姆赫特三世在搬迁至法尤姆的哈瓦拉之前也在该处建造了一座金字塔。
在乱世间的盗墓行为促使中王国的建筑师在建造时要想出越来越复杂的安全防护手段。
尽管如此，哈瓦拉金字塔的建筑计划却比在代赫舒尔的还要简单，用来保护它不受抢劫者侵袭的手段变得更加精巧复杂。
除了使用隐蔽的走道和隐藏的陷阱门之外，建筑师指望着一套会在建造结束时滑至定位的石板系统，这些巨大的石板是刻意用来永远阻隔通往墓室的通道。
第13王朝的国王们开始在马兹赫乌纳建造他们的金字塔，就在代赫舒尔的南方，并接着移到法尤姆与阿拜多斯。
然而第17王朝的国王们却对于在他们自己洞窟陵墓的顶端使用原始砖块打造的小金字塔感到满意。
第18王朝的国王们完全放弃采用金字塔的形式作为王家陵墓，他们在帝王谷中选择一座有着金字塔形状的山，并在那里挖出自己的坟墓
直到第25王朝的努比亚人法老，国王们才再次被葬在金字塔的陵墓之下。事实上在现今世界，古努比亚的地区也就是现代的苏丹在记录上包含着220座已知金字塔，相较于埃及的138座。
尽管它们在使用与质量上缓慢衰退，金字塔依然持续地另所有人着迷，直到罗马时代。
它们作为法老为宗教所奉献的精神与古埃及的奇观留存至今日。吉萨冥都概观[]
吉萨高原位于尼罗河的西岸地区，并被古埃及人认为是死者之域。
在该处发现的金字塔群花费了超过三个时代的时间来搭建，在胡夫，哈夫拉和孟卡拉的统治期间。
现今因他的三座金字塔而闻名，吉萨地区是更广泛的墓葬群中的一部分。在该时代的统治者通常决定要葬于此地区。
整个地区的中心焦点是孟斐斯城。它在古王国初期被选定为埃及的首都。吉萨历史遗迹的布局位置（尤其是金字塔）是按照实际又严谨的方式对齐排列。首先它们将重点放在方位基点上，然后它们针对高原的地理环境做出应对。
人面狮身像的谜题[]
人面狮身像原本是要被作为国王的化身。 带着法老王冠的人头与狮子的身体融合了，因此获得了强大动物所拥有的价值。主要是指狮子的力量。流畅的攻击力与其至高的权力。
考虑到这些特性，它也被认为是个保护的象征。而毫不意外地，人面狮身像也会放在神殿走道的沿途中，作为诸神前往神殿道路的保护者。
横跨着数个世纪以来，热衷的人们与历史学家都同等好奇，是谁建造人面狮身像的？是为了什么目的？而他又代表着谁？ 这些问题仍未得到解答，有许多理论能加以诠释，而其中有些可信度比较高。 其中一个说法认为，雷吉德夫为了彰显对父亲胡夫的敬意，因而建造了这座吉萨的人面狮身像。
而人面狮身像东面的石制神殿则由日后他的弟弟兼继任者哈夫拉所加的，借此强化对于他们父亲的崇拜。这也是第一个朝太阳而筑的埃及神殿。
另一个说法则认为，人面狮身像由哈夫拉所建，是用来代表他自己的。 支持这个假说的理由是，根据人面狮身像根基使用的石灰岩床与哈夫拉河岸神殿在地理与建筑学上相似的事实而来。 有人认为是胡夫自己见了人面狮身像，而后续由他的继任者雷吉德夫与哈夫拉完工。
这些论点是基于刻痕的风格，法老头饰的分类以及建造时并没有胡子。
虽然对于古埃及整体来说，留下的纪念碑与雕像看起来很单调。然而要知道在远古的时代，所有东西都曾经上过漆。 日晒吞噬了颜料的颜色，而沙子、气候以及时间的轨迹，很不幸的摧毁了吉萨人面狮身像美妙的颜色。来自十二世纪阿拉伯埃及学家阿布德·厄尔-拉提夫·巴格达迪的文档中显示，在他的年代还可以看得到红色的颜色。 然而，今日唯一留下的只有人面狮身像接近耳朵的红色踪迹，以及法老头饰上隐约的黄色与蓝色，也是该类头饰的传统颜色。
红色颜料是手工制成的，借由混合，如陶土、石英砂，以及碎的非常精细的赤铁矿等不同产物混合而成。
红色在古代埃及具备强大的象征性。它同时是生与死的颜色，它也能代表沙漠之沙或是太阳的荣光。红色同时也与复仇和毁灭的神赛特有所关联。 古埃及称呼红色的词汇“dSr”同时也是表示沙漠的词汇，或者是下埃及的王位。 与艺术方面，红色也是用来涂绘男人身体的颜色。与此同时，女性则是由黄色表现。 在克里奥帕特拉掌权的六百年前的赛迪斯时代，可能曾经有尝试进行色彩复原的工作。这部分在1858年由奥古斯特·玛丽特所发现的存货石碑中有所注记。
因此开发团队才决定要完整展现人面狮身像的色彩，虽然它的色彩很有可能在克里奥帕特拉统治时已经褪去。
大约建于公元前2600至2500年左右的第四王朝的吉萨人面狮身像，是我们已知最古老也最巨大的人面狮身像。
它是由天然露出的石灰岩刻制而成，人面石成像的高度有19.8米，长度是73.2米，而宽度则是14米。
为了要让壮观的纪念碑能够更加精细，在原先的建造阶段过后又添加了数块的石灰岩。在那之后，还多次尝试维护。 在游戏中呈现的光彩样貌，也融合了一些现代的复原计划规划。开发团队做出这个决定，是想要呈现给玩家更具有代表性的吉萨人面狮身像版本。
今天人面狮身像被称之为“令人恐惧的存在”，这个名字是翻译自它的阿拉伯名称“Abu'l Höl”，而这名其实也是从古埃及语的“Balhouba”转变而来。
人面狮身像是在原地刻制的，是从一个天然隆起的岩石刻出的。
它的头是在穆卡塔姆高原的一个石灰岩峰建造出来的，而其身体是直接由其下的岩层所塑造而成。人面狮身像的劣化是受到风蚀，以及建造过程中所用石灰岩质量不一所导致。紧邻岩石的地底水流钠含量也是其中一个因素。人面狮身像背后倾斜的天然岩层，也与周遭的石灰岩相似。
自古以来，人们就认为人面狮身像底下深处有着一个隐匿的古墓。 早在第一中间时期就有过企图掠夺人面狮身像的纪录。
在那之后，有许多人尝试要发掘出人面狮身像的秘密，因而在纪念碑上留下了难以抹灭的疤痛。
在法老时代有个十二米长的切口，在人面狮身像背后的这入口引发人们好奇。虽然图特摩斯四世试着要将之封闭，然而可能在之后又被财宝猎人给挖开。而这个入口被哈沃德·威瑟再次发现，而在更近期由马克·莱赫纳所勘测建模。
这个人面狮身像背后的入口，随着深入雕像身体地底每数米就领向了几个不同的洞穴。开发团队利用这个机会做了更多发挥。
虽然在近几年对于吉萨的人面狮身像没有什么重大发现，却有更多的理论与假说持续浮现。
然而因为缺乏考古证据的验证，这些论点都未能被证实。
第一个关于吉萨人面狮身像的众多理论之一，是认定人面狮身像原本是要作为阿努比斯神的巨大象征。其中主要的论点是说人面狮身像的头部，和它的身体大小显得不成比例。 第二个理论认为在图特摩斯四世的石碑上的两个人面狮身像图标，可能代表着遗址还存在着另一个石制的人面狮身像，甚至可能是对称于尼罗河而在对岸。
然而，没有任何理论能够得到验证。
在过去数十年，许多运用新技术的科学计划都付诸实施。 最重要的一个计划是由马克·莱赫纳与他的团队所带领，他们特长于研究与调查吉萨高原，其中也包括了人面狮身像的遗址。 这个建横技术能够观测出建造人面狮身像的原料，分析不同层面的风化，并能借此判断出最需要受到保护的脆弱部位。
在用艺术风格来呈现人面狮身像的几次尝试之后开发团队反而决定要使用写实建横，借此真实地重现人面狮身像的样貌。
吉萨人面狮身像在其建造之时代表着什么，而新王国时期的埃及人对于人面狮身像有什么看法，这是两个非常不同的问题。 起初，这是个国王的拿征与狮子的力量之结合；而后人面狮身像被直接视作最为神圣的存在。 有理论显示新王国时期的国王认为吉萨的人面狮身像，是认可并合法化埃及统治者的存在。
因此，虽然在阿蒙霍特普二世统治期间吉萨人面狮身像一半被埋在沙中，但是他仍知道这个纪念碑有着很大的重要性。
阿蒙霍特普二世建造了第二个神殿来献给形同赫瑞马克黑特的人面狮身像，以对先王胡夫与哈夫拉表 以敬意。 于是对于这个王朝，王室在人面狮身像附近花上点时间变成了常见的习惯。
于是这个圣域也以“Setepet”为名，意指“被选中之处。
埃及学家马克·莱赫纳认为阿蒙霍特普二世建造了一个自己的雕像，并安置在人面狮身像的脚掌之间。这很有可能是为了合法化他的统治权，而旁边也放着一个由塞利姆·哈桑所发现的石碑。
这个朝代中的许多其他法老如图坦卡门和拉美西斯二世，也都用相似的方式留下了自己行经的痕迹，有时甚至从邻近的神殿与金字塔拆石头来用。阿蒙霍特普二世的儿子兼继任者的图特摩斯四世就经常这么做。
在沉眠于人面狮身像脚掌之间时，未来的图特摩斯四世梦到了赫瑞马克黑特神宣称他即将能登基到两土之王位。
而这当然了，有着要求他将覆盖着的沙子从人面狮身像上去除的条件，因人面狮身像是作为神的化身守护于此，而不该受到沙漠的黄沙所吞噬。
（译者注：请求图片） 这座图特摩斯建来纪念他梦境的十五吨重“记梦碑”，是由意大利埃及学家乔瓦尼·卡维利亚于1818年挖掘出来了。当时他接受了要将人面狮身像从沙中解放的任务，而沙子又再一次的埋住了它。
卡维利亚当时正在寻找进入人面狮身像的入口，然而却发现了一个开放式小屋以及脚掌之间的石碑。来自仪式的灰烬仍然存在，受到了群沙的保护。它们可能是从罗马时代最后的仪式而来。
而在同一年，卡维利亚发现了人面狮身像的胡子碎片，这可能是在新王国时期添加的。 许多这些碎片都展示在开罗的美术馆中，其中一个碎片则展示在大英博物馆，一旁伴随着人面狮身像头饰上的一块蛇形装饰。
很多人相信这块胡子的碎片可能是由于阿蒙霍特普二世的雕像而得以固定住，因为那座雕像理论上位于人面狮身像的头部底下。
一个很热门的文化传说表示吉萨人面狮身像的鼻子是在拿破仑·波拿巴时代失去的，认为是训练中的法国士兵炮击造成的。
然而在那时代之前的版画早已描绘着缺少鼻子的人面狮身像，代表鼻子应该在法国行军前就遭受移除了。
其中最可信的假说是立基于德国历史学家乌尔里希哈曼的研究上。 在1980年代时，哈曼整理了数个由阿拉伯作家所写的中古世纪史料。在这个过程中，他发现人面狮身像曾经被视为是个吉兆，是协助带来充满营养沉积物的洪水与精种作物的神。
在1378年左右，有一位名为穆罕默德·萨依木·阿尔－达尔的苏菲派穆斯林，他因为无法忍受看到这座纪念碑，而在破除迷信的行为之中破坏了人面狮身像的鼻子。根据文字记载，他在那之后因为自己的罪刑而受到绞刑，并被在人面狮身像的两腿之间被烧死。胡夫的墓葬群[]
山谷神殿是人们进到墓葬群时第一个看到的建筑物。 这里被认为式通往古墓的正式通道，同时是神殿也是门廊。 胡夫的山谷神殿显示玄武岩铺设的证据，让我们知道门廊的位置在结构中的何处。
这样的划分同时被认为代表着死后世界中地底与太阳的方位。
胡夫甬道从泛滥平原一路通往高原，衔接了山谷神殿以及丧葬神殿。
传统的甬道会用铺设的道路呈现，被墙壁围起，并且通常会有屋顶。
由考古学家发现的碎片显示，我们已知最长的甬道之一的胡夫甬道，有着雕刻甚至可能有涂漆装饰。
描绘的主题非常多元：天花板的群星搭配着墙上战争的场景。其他刻划则描绘着这座站址的建造，绘有工匠工作的样貌。
在吉萨最让人感到惊艳的私人墓穴位于东部，也在 胡夫金字塔的西方。 这个东部的暮穴是保留给王室成员的，同时西部的墓穴通常是给各种宫廷中的显贵使用
在这两个区域中，又被称为石室坟墓的私人陵墓，是以街道巷道布局的。这样的安排可能是企图在死后世界重现国王的宫廷。
胡夫金字塔东方有着三个比较小的建造物：三座王后的金字塔。
斜坡从地表通往墓室，这里是由岩床切出来与石造工程配合的。似乎这些纪念碑是被用来做王后的葬仪，而关于这些最初的拥有者是谁则很难判断。
最北的金字塔很有可能是给赫特菲蕾丝王后使用的，这名王后被认为是胡夫的母亲。 然而，在1925年在附近意外发现了她真正的陵墓。这座陵墓位于一个深入地底的石造坑洞，其中一个地底石室之中。
在这个隐密的石室中，埃及学家发现了源于古王国时期的完整王室葬礼配备...然而王后本人的遗体却不见了。
在胡夫金字塔的附近，埃及学家发现了七个船坑。这些船型的坑洞究竟用途为何尚未明了，然而最能被猜测的用意是某种象征用途。
这些船坑位于金字塔的东侧，精准地位于国王理论上会再次出现的位置，可能有办法作为支持这样假说的证据。
在两个南方的船坑中，各由一个石灰岩石板所覆盖，这是在1954年由埃及籍埃及学家卡马·马拉克所发现的。 其中一个被开启了。1224件由杉木制成的船只零件一个接着一个被取出，同时由复原大师阿穆德·尤瑟夫耐心地震组。
这个过程耗费28年之久。尤瑟夫根据榫眼和榫舌的线条，使用纤维绳全部接在一起，让设计越符合真实样貌越好。
希腊词汇“pyramidion”指称着金字塔的顶石或着是 方尖碑的尖端。 在古埃及时，这两者都被称之为“奔奔石”。这个词汇同时也被用来指称某个食物：一个使用面包制作而成的圆锥形供品。
金字塔石是被设计来当作金字塔的微缩模型，使得它与纪念碑本身有同等重要的象征意义。
有些金字塔石在金字塔群中被找到。 最早的是在代赫舒尔找到的，无疑是个古王国时期的金字塔石好范例：它是由石灰岩所制，而且上面没有任何雕刻。
有些雕刻的金字塔石从一些私人埋葬间中被找到这些铭文都与奔奔石的太阳象征性有所关联。
（译者注：请求图片）
吉萨的金字塔群的金字塔石都从未被找到。你在游戏里面所能看到的是虚构的复原物，该金色的金字塔石上面纪载着与胡夫有关的铭文。大金字塔的秘密[]
公元前2550年左右建造的吉萨大金字塔，被认为是埃及最具代表性的建设之一。 它是最大的金字塔，也是唯一存留至今的古代世界七大奇迹。 关于吉萨大金字塔的数据也令人叹为观止：它动用超过两万人力，消耗六百万吨石块，以及仅仅二十年的建期。
法老的陵寝是个相当巨大的工程。
兴建大金字塔也是胡夫权力与荣华富贵的展示，尤其是法老广大的陵墓群：其中包含了两座神殿，一条甬道以及建筑工人的冥都。
我们可以猜测建造这些纪念碑背后的意图是胡夫用此方式宣示自己为统治大一统埃及的最强大法老之一。
在4500年之后仍持续有对于工程与古埃及文化的新见解被发挥。 例如，最近出土的莎草纸让人一窥建筑金字塔当时商人的生活。
此外，一位建筑团队领导的工程纪录提供了工匠，工程进度以及原料需求的细节。
值得一提的是，在克里奥帕特拉执政时期，金字塔在天象目的，其结构，内部神秘房间的功用皆已不为人所知。
现今，唯有借由专业的研究我们才得以开始掌握一些大金字塔的谜团，
在大金字塔工程开始时，埃及人已经将他们的设计打磨了好几世纪的历史。
由于是要作为胡夫的陵墓，大金字塔的结构设计被历史学家与工程师认定为近乎前所未见的完美，
大金字塔四面精准的面向指南针的四方位，其底部每一边长230米，而原始高度为147米。
金字塔离完美的正方形仅有0.05％的误差。
为了要达到真金字塔的形状，设计在计划阶段需要经过许多考量，同时执行时的需要极高的精确性。
在建设的每个阶段中控制各边的倾角尤其重要。
大金字塔的材料为采集而来的石灰岩块，每块重约2至15吨。 搬运这些石块的方法在建筑师与埃及学家间仍旧论不休。
不只因为身处仅有软金属工具辅助的年代，同时如此大规模建筑下却有高度精确性。这些让大金字塔被誉为人类工程中最伟大的杰作之一。
估计建筑大金字塔使用了大约六十万到两百万块的石块。
专家们计算若要将金字塔的230万石块搬运完，一个工人必须在一小时内搬运12块石块，全天候工作20年。
尽管内部的房间是由亚斯文的红色花岗岩所建的，金字塔主要仍由当地的石灰岩所建成，其中每块石块重量约2至15吨重。
如何将石块搬运到金字塔的定位也存在各种说法。最近研究提出石块是沿着内部的大斜坡而建筑。
最近发现的工程日志证实金字塔外部高质量石灰岩的出处，是信由船从妥拉采石场横渡尼罗河所运来。
一旦完工后，大金字塔光滑的白色抛光石便如烽火般的反射阳光，为此有“胡夫地平线”之称。
几世纪以来，尝试潜入大金字塔的窃越与放人不尽其败。
古文字详尽地记载其内部，证明有些人确实找到方法进入，尽管何人在何时首先进入则不得而知。
大金字塔的主要入口坐落高于地平面17米。它面向着北方，可能是为了要与北极星对齐。 尽管入口的通道在古代早已被发现，但大量竖立的石板阻挡了更深入大金字塔。
因此，现代的拜访者前往金字塔时需走盗贼的入口。
盗赋的入口据说在9世纪时被哈里发马蒙凿出。为了找宝藏，哈里发要他的工人凿路进入大金字塔。
最可能发生的事情，是他们加大了古代陵昌盗贼所建的走道。正因此便可解释他们得以进入这个奇景之原因。
几世纪以来，人们不断尝试要进入大金字塔并揭开它潜在的秘密。 在19世纪时，一群相信南方存在另一个通道的人在金字塔一边上炸出一个洞，造成了毫无成效的破坏。
当至今搜索仍然持续进行以发掘更多隐藏的房间以及通道时，文物的保存是当中最首要关注的工作。大金字塔，地下墓室[]
在大金字塔的原始入口有一条通道通往地下房间。 它的墙壁是由存在于高原上的石头所雕刻出，还使用无瑕的石灰岩覆盖着。
下行的通道是 26 度的陡峭向下斜坡。既狭窄又有着低天花板，这条小径很长也十分有挑战性。
虽然原本的通道有 145 米长，制作团队缩减了它的长度，并让它更宽又更高。
制作的主要焦点放在重现该地点并聚焦于保有大金字塔的独特幽闭环境，也同时要能够提供流畅的游戏导向体验。
竖井是一座 58 米的垂直通道，連結着下行的窄道与上方的大长廊。
一座邻近的石室原本有可能是一处在基岩中的小天然井，并在挖掘隧道的过程中被扩建。
石室是蓄意建设或是有其它目的则不得而知。
对于竖井的目的存在许多的推测。
其中一个理论表示该管道是被挖掘或是扩建来为在下行通道的工人供应空气。
另一个理论表示，它是用来为金字塔中心的作业结束后提供离开路线。如果没有竖井，在大长廊被密封后工人将会永远被困在里面。
在竖井底下的开口很有可能是由离开的工人进行封合来掩蔽此通道。
在下行的窄道尽头有一座地下房间，位于吉萨高原表面之下 30 米。
直接掘入基岩之中，这个空间十分宽敞并有着三米高的天花板。它的地板和墙壁既粗糙又不平整，代表它从未完工。
在房间的南端尽头有另一个狭小的窄道，和其它窄道十分相似，只不过它唐突地在大约 20 米后就达到尽头。
(译者注：请求图片)
房间亦在靠近东方处存在有一个 11 米的洼坑，目前还不清楚这可能用于什么目的。
在游戏中，这个井通往虚构的地底结构中，并包含着关键的游戏相关谜团。
地下房间原本的用途依然成谜。
有一个广为流传的理论表示它原本应该是胡夫的墓室，但法老改变了他的心意并想要被葬在金字塔的高处，这也解释了房间的未完成状态。大金字塔，上层墓室[]
在有上行的通道入口有三面花岗岩石板，每面估计重达 25 公吨。它们被用来保护大金字塔并防范窃贼。
不畏惧花岗岩的阻碍，窃贼们直接将它们周围较软的石灰岩挖开而入，因而创造了“盗贼入口”。
尽管在现实中盗贼入口是通往两条通道的单一座凹穴；在游戏中，制作团队为各通道创造了个别的入口。
确切来说，在游戏中一个入口通往上行的通道，而另一个则通往下行的通道。
大金字塔的上行通道提供直接通往大长廊的路，并可以从下行的通道之 30 米处进入。
两条窄道的规模类似，并都被设计成相同的 26 度倾角。
上行窄道在墙面上有比较平滑的石工，而结构编排上包含许多梯形的石头。
走道的地板或是天花板都显示通道曾被扩张，可能是在丧礼的期间或是之后进行，来让工人有空间搬运用来堵塞窄道的花岗岩石块
专家间依然在争论大长廊的目的。
它有可能是为了与繁星进行排列，当作是保护国王墓室的缓冲，或纯粹是帮助金字塔内所使用花岗岩石块的运输。
通往王后墓室的入口就位于大长廊的起始处。
虽然这间房间被称作王后墓室，但据信没有王后被葬在此处。
根据他们对于早期金字塔的认知，埃及学家相信比较有可能是当作国王的窄室，专门用来容纳“卡”雕像的房间，也是之后国王灵魂的所居住之处。。
正好位于金字塔的中心，并于金字塔的东西轴上，墓室有拱形的天花板，测得 5.7 米高与 5.2 米宽。
在东边的墙上有个壁龛，被藏进支撑用的拱形构造中，有可能原先是用来支撑“卡”的神像。
在这个壁龛后有另一个小洞，可能是窃贼要寻找更多的宝藏而挖开。
在 19 世纪，两个竖井在查看北方与南方墙面时被发现。
它们各在向上倾斜之前都呈现 2 米长的水平构造，并且都使用装有铜把手的石灰岩块封住。
究竟它们的功用是被当作工人的通风井或是让法老之灵与天体連結仍然无法被确认。
在近期对于房间的扫瞄显示存在有未知的凹洞藏在下行窄道的北面墙壁之外。
进一步的调查仍在进行中，在避免破坏历史遗迹的风险之前提下探查异常原因。
（译者注：请求图片） 胡夫的建筑师在设计长廊时可能受到早期长菱形金字塔的影响。
这是至今人类建造的最长支撑拱顶结构，测得有 47 米长和 8.6 米高。 两边墙壁被做成向内的锥形以提供更佳的重量分布。因此，天花板最高点仅有些微超过一米的宽度。
尽管这样的建造技巧在其它金字塔中也被采用，但如此的精准度与稳定性却十分少有。
尽管空间在视觉上十分引人注目，长廊似乎有着更实际的功能，虽然仍未确切得知。
然而，墙壁的设计无疑是要提供结构上的稳定性，而它的地板可能协助工人进行材料的搬运。
一座沟槽沿着房间的中央延伸，一个可以动的地板原本被安放在中心的凹处。两侧高起的台面备有槽沟，可能是被用来帮助花岗岩阻塞石块的摆放定位。
在大长廊的尽头是通往国王墓室的前厅入口。
在正上方，有另一条狭小的水平通道与国王墓室顶端连接，让工人可以进入到缓重室。
在大长廊的最末端通往一座小前厅，并有一扇吊门阻挡着国王墓室的入口。
吊门是由三片分别的花岗岩石板组成，它们被设计成向下降置，并在国王入葬后将墓室给封住。
为了托住石板所挖出的沟槽在现今依然清晰可见，这个精致的门锁系统是由一连串的绳索沟槽和滑轮组成来将石板降至指定位置，就像是钥匙上的凹口一般。
为了游戏效果，制作团队决定移除吊门石板来让玩家可以进入国王墓室。
在现实中，工人在下葬后会从房间退出，并将他们身后的各石板分别降下定位。
三个石板全都在数世纪后被盗墓者们给破坏，而他们闯入的痕迹依然十分明显可见。
国王墓室完全使用红花岗岩建造。
国王的房间有 5.8 米高，其上方有着五层由每根重达 20 至 40 公吨的花岗岩梁桁所堆栈组成的庄严覆盖结构。
在最高层的顶上有石拱结构，排列成人字形来承担巨大的结构负重。
而在王后墓室，两个井状通道从房间向外延伸至金字塔的北面与南面，它们的长度有将近 64 米，直到被带有铜手柄的花岗岩堵塞物阻挡。
有些古王国文化的专家相信井状通道是想要将国王的灵魂引领至繁星，因为北井象征法老化身为拉神，而南井象征荷鲁斯神。
在房间的西方末端有一具花岗岩石棺，但其实是由工人留在屋顶石块上的隐匿建造刻文才证实这里是胡夫的安息之处。
在纪录中石棺被发现时是空的，而它的设计显示该处曾经有封盖。有可能这具石棺只是用来纪念法老的纪念物，因此从来就没有要在其中放置尸体。胡夫的木乃伊从未被找到，希望在金字塔中依然未被发现的隐藏房间与井状通道有机会为它的所在位置提供答案。
尚-皮耶·胡丹（Jean-Pierre Houdin）的推论[]
开发团队希望给玩家探索与发现的感觉，尤其希望在大金字塔这部分提供。
因此在面对这个纪念碑的内部游戏内设计决策中，则反映了尚-皮耶·胡丹的理论。
虽然国王墓穴的前厅仍未被发现，胡丹的断定则是考虑了将法老墓穴放置在金字塔中央的独特设计。
你即将要进行的整趟导览，都是根据胡丹的假说所设计的。
虽然以胡丹的假说作为前厅的主要布局，开发团队也想要增强游戏的体验。
一般的王室墓穴中，前厅会充满着法老在死后世界所需要的材料货品。
为了要让玩家有探索与惊艳的感受，美术团队在这第二个前厅中创造了一个独特又美妙的财宝。
胡丹认为上升的廊道以及大廊道，是由工人吊起国王墓室之上沉重梁柱所用。他称之为“维修回廊”。
你所在的廊道，是开发团队根据胡丹的理论而建置的，在这里被称为“尊贵回廊”。
装有法老木乃伊的木制棺材就是通过这个廊道，才送到了其最终的安眠墓室。
考虑着这样的结构，就可以轻易假设金字塔的入口应该连通到这两座前厅。
现代的研究揭露出有个墓穴应该在金字塔北面之后应该有个空洞。
因此开发团队决定要创造出这个空间让玩家探索。
在这里，胡丹认为是祭司与贵族于葬仪结束之后离开金字塔的地方。
许多关于大金字塔建造的理论，都是根据着外部斜坡的使用而成。
然而胡丹认为外部斜坡在建造金字塔顶端的时候会显得过于陡峭。
这也是为什么他提出应该有两个斜坡：一个大约金字塔一半高度的斜坡，另外一个则成为内部斜坡。
胡丹的理论显示：这个内部的斜坡以着螺旋状跟着金字塔的四边逐渐攀升。
在被称之为“鲍伯之室”的大金字塔一边被发现的凹处，似乎应证了这个理论。
位于金字塔的每个边，这些巨大的空间将允许工人把石头旋转九十度，让他们可以继续攀升。
开发团队决定要做出像这样的房间，实现胡丹的假说。
（译者注：请求图片）
这个漫长的廊道是内部斜坡的第一部分。
通过这个廊道，用来建造大金字塔的石块就能被小心地向上搬运，接着在每个金字塔的边旋转以继续往上搬运。
虽然开发团队只在游戏里制作了主坡道，但是胡丹认为这个坡道有两层，让工人们可以通过对顶部的额外支撑来确保安全回归到底部。
根据胡丹的说法，内部斜坡的开端位于金字塔西南面的的根基。
这个位置是内部斜坡与外部斜坡的交会点。
工人们会借由我们之下的外部斜坡来建造金字塔的底部，接着切换到内部斜坡以完成金字塔的中间与顶部。
当时，他们会重复利用外部斜坡的材料以填满金字塔中心的空间，通过内部斜坡搬运。哈夫拉的墓葬群[]
在第四王朝的最开始，丧葬神殿都会被建在金字塔的东侧附近。
这样的位置，面向升起的太阳以及生者的世界，有着重大的象征意义，毕竟这是在丧葬神殿的内部，诸王会通过每日的仪式而复苏。
在最标准的型态上，一个丧葬神殿会被分割为两个部分：一个正面区域会有前厅跟庭院构成，而后面的区域则是神圣的要素所在。
在神殿的背后会有几个必备的特色：包含着一个有着假门的内部圣域，这允许法老的灵魂在死者与生者的世界之间穿梭。
在这之中最庞大的造物是哈夫拉的丧葬神殿，这里完全由附近采石场取来的巨大石灰岩块所建造而成，以及花岗岩的表面。
哈夫拉丧葬神殿的某些部分，尤其是庭院的墙壁被认为装饰有漂亮的纹路。然而，在丧葬神殿之中没有任何国王的画像能被发现。
胡夫的继承者雷吉德夫跟随着这样的传统，由每个国王创建起一个全新的站址作为他们的葬礼使用，而他选择了阿布拉瓦须做为自己最终安眠之处。
当他必须建造自己的墓葬群时，哈夫拉，作为胡夫的儿子之一与雷吉德夫的继承者，他打破了传统而回归到了吉萨。
哈夫拉不只是对传统嗤之以鼻，他这么做也是希望让他父亲最重要的纪念碑在对比下相形失色。
（译者注：请求图片） 所以即便哈夫拉的金字塔小于胡夫的金字塔，它建在了一个高于大金字塔的岩床上，使得它看起来比吉萨所有金字塔还要高。
今日，哈夫拉金字塔是在吉萨的三个金字塔中，唯一还保有顶部石灰岩表层的金字塔。
如果要定义出最神圣的位置，吉萨冥都是严谨符合定义的，无论是考虑地理性质还是物理性质。
八米厚的妥拉石灰岩墙会完全包围大金字塔。唯一能够进去内部的方法，就是通过丧葬神殿。
在斯尼夫鲁的统治以后，次要的金字塔成为了金字塔站址中的常见特色。
次要的金字塔的功能，却因为其大小与高度都低于王室墓穴而至今不为人所知，不过有些人认为这是要做为法老“卡”的居处。
在主流媒体中，“卡”经常被定义成死者的灵魂。
真实状况则比这更为复杂。在古埃及的葬仪信仰系统中，“卡”是生者的一部份，会在死亡之时与身体相分离。这代表着死者的生命要素。
为了要让死者可以飞升到全新的生活，无论是此生还是后世，“卡”必须要寄宿在一个雕像中而它的存在必须通过供品与仪式维持。
在哈夫拉的次要金字塔中，考古学家发现了包含有杉木制零件的木盒。在重组之后，眼前显现出的是个搭载在长橇上的祭坛。
正如同围绕着胡夫金字塔被找到的太阳船，似乎哈夫拉的祭坛与长橇在他的葬礼之后为了仪式性目的而弃置。孟卡拉的墓葬群[]
孟卡拉金字塔的大小就显得比较没那么宏伟。然而之前的金字塔不同的是：孟卡拉的金字塔在内部与外部的工程都显得复杂许多。
外部有部分是由红色的花岗岩所覆盖，而内部的墙面都有丰富的装饰。
后者的创新直到第五王朝结束时才被赶上，金字塔开始在墙面上铭刻文字。
孟卡拉的金字塔包含着两个斜坡通道，两个都在建造物的北面。
比较高的在建造阶段就被舍弃，而稍微高于纪念碑基底而较低的斜坡则是作为真正的入口。
较低的通道会引往第一个房间，在那里有着左塞尔统治以来第一个由刻纹假门所装饰着。
虽然孟卡拉的金字塔群在他死亡时尚未完成，却也由他的继承者谢普塞斯卡弗仓促而粗糙地完工了。
即便如此，这座葬仪造物人标记着历史上同类纪念碑的分水岭。在此之后，金字塔缩小了，然而丧葬神殿造在数量与质量上都有所扩展。
特别值得注意的是：在孟卡拉的丧葬神殿内，可以找到所有金字塔群中最重的石灰岩块，重量超过 200 吨。
孟卡拉的甬道由国王的继承者使用泥砖完工，底部只不过是个普通的斜坡。
至于山谷神殿的部分，则是由两阶段建成：基底是在孟卡拉统治期间使用石灰岩铺设的，然而神殿自身是之后使用泥砖完成的。
因为如此，山谷神殿很快就毁坏了，而在第六王朝期间被完全重建。
三个较小的建造物被认为是孟卡拉王后们的金字塔，就竖立在主金字塔的南侧。其中一个有光滑表面，而另外两个则是较为简单的阶梯金字塔。
很难判断后者是如此设计，还是未能完成因此没有光滑化的表面。
最东侧的金字塔与环绕在旁给国王的“卡”使用的金字塔，有一样的传统房间与通道配置。
然而内部却有着一个花岗岩石棺，因而得出了这是个实际的墓穴而不是象征性纪念碑的结论。
根据这些观察，有些人认为这座金字塔原本是要建为给国王的“卡”使用的金字塔，之后才将用途转变为给王后使用的陵墓。
至于是哪位王后，则依然是个谜。亚历山大[]
希腊法老[]
Relief: Ptolemy VIII making an offering of maat to Amun
法老被认为是诸神的化身，是诸神化为人形生活在人间。法老的责任是通过去除混乱（伊斯费特）来维护基本价值和普世和谐，并确保正义（玛特）盛行。
凭借神圣的血统和通过各式的奉献，法老是结合人类世界与诸神世界的联系，因此进而维护万物的秩序。
New presentation in July 2010, row of "dynastic portraits" in the corridor of Pan
托勒密王朝在公元前 305 年至公元前 30 年统治着埃及。
该王朝被称为拉古斯的托勒密来赞扬王朝的创始者，托勒密·拉古斯，他是一名希腊将军并且是亚历山大大帝的挚友。
在马其顿时期，托勒密·拉古斯了解到要获得埃及人民的认可，他必须遵循他们的传统。 在就任成为法老时，他将他的名字改为托勒密一世·梭特，即“救主”的意思。
Battle of Issus between Alexander and Darius III
出生于公元前 356 年，亚历山大大帝接受了关于王国事务的仓促教育后便进入了马其顿军队，在那里他快速地提升军阶。
在他父亲于公元前 336 年被刺杀后，有些人认为这正是由亚历山大本人精心策划，他成为了马其顿的国王。
作为联合王国的统治者和庞大军队的统帅，亚历山大将他的企图心放在征服之上。 一心想要夺回在小亚细亚的希腊城市，他与波斯军队展开大战，然后赢得了一场又一场的胜利。
Block with cartouche of Alexander the Great or his son Alexander IV of Macedon
永远的胜利者亚历山大大帝勇往直前，围攻一座又一座的城市，直到他抵达埃及并且再次将波斯人击败。
被埃及人民视为解放者，亚历山大决定要以正当的形式成为法老。他前往底比斯来向圣牛进行献祭，然后来到锡瓦绿洲，他在此地被声明为阿蒙之子。
身为埃及的正统法老，亚历山大在那度过了许多冬日，并创立了亚历山大城。
也许并非巧合，成为一名法老让亚历山大能够散布政治宣传来为他之后的征战行动做准备。他在公元前 331 年继续出征。
Ptolemy I
在公元前 323 年他临终之时，亚历山大大帝将埃及的辖地赐给了托勒密·拉古斯。
托勒密完全理解埃及的价值，他不仅确保了国家边境的安定，而且还包括它的经济和军事发展。同时，他也和埃及的精英们合作来持续进行国家的内部整顿。
在公元前 305 年，在埃及与地中海地区皆受敬重的托勒密成为了希腊化时代最强大舰队的统帅。
在公元前 304 年一月，托勒密正式接受了埃及法老的称号，就在亚历山大大帝死后的一周年。
克里奥帕特拉，埃及女王[]
克里奥帕特拉七世“笃爱父亲者”在公元前 51 年登上王位，当时仅仅十八岁。 即便她早年尝试维持权力的打算受到许多挑战，她最终成功了并成为埃及的唯一统治者。
根据普鲁塔克纪录，她是唯一一个会说埃及语的托勒密法老。 她的才智搭配了良好的教育及绝佳的政治头脑，使得她能够缔结必要的同盟关系，借此在罗马逐渐成为地中海帝国的同时维持埃及的独立性。
要知道克里奥帕特拉对于埃及语言的熟悉，以及对于文化的透彻理解，使得她能够做出对埃及人民有所共鸣的理念宣讲。
借由将她将自己与女神伊赛特做連結，该神祇同时也是神圣之母，魔法之伟大与神圣存在的贮藏者。克里奥帕特拉借此巩固自己作为两土保护者的身份，并合法化她在王座上的地位。
随着托勒密十二世“吹笛者”在公元前 51 年的死亡，他将自己的王国交给了女儿与最年长的儿子：克里奥帕特拉七世与托勒密十三世。
做为当时的习俗，这对姐弟结婚了。新的法老十岁，他的姐姐兼妻子则是十七岁。
在他们早年的统治期间并不是很轻松。在公元前 50 至 48 年之间，干旱与洪水加重了埃及的问题。 阿基拉斯将军以及王家顾问波提纽斯持续干涉这对年轻统治者的政治决策，最终导致托勒密十三世的矛头指向克里奥帕特拉。
到了公元前 48 年，克里奥帕特拉正在流亡。
在克里奥帕特拉的流亡期间，罗马帝国也有着自己的内部纷争。 恺撒与庞培彼此征战，而随着庞培在公元前 48 年的落败，他逃到了亚历山大希望能够寻求庇护。
然而这实际上是个不明智的举动。在听从了顾问们建议之后，托勒密十三世决定要刺杀庞培，他的头颅被留下来作为希望换取恺撒人情的礼物。
这场赌注造成了反效果。非但没有赢得肯定，这起（针对）罗马人的谋杀反而大大地惹怒了恺撒。
Caesar Returns Cleopatra to the Egyptian Throne
克里奥帕特拉注意到恺撒对托勒谋杀庞培的怒气之后，她决定要趁机利用这个情势。
她秘密返回埃及，希望可以与当代最强大的男人之一缔结联盟。
根据传说，她将自己卷入了地毯以偷渡到他的房间之中，然而实际上在那命运会面中发生的事情至今仍是个谜。 然而，恺撒似乎认为克里奥帕特拉相对于她年轻且容易被影响的弟弟，她更适合成为埃及的统治者。
根据托勒密十二世的遗嘱，恺撒试图中介促使姐弟之间的和平。
托勒密十三世因为情势转变而感到狂怒，而他的顾问们也对于克里奥帕特拉的回归并不感到开心。
受到阿基拉斯将军屿波提纽斯的怂恿之下，年轻的法老密谋对付恺撒与克里奥帕特拉，导致了公元前 47 年的亚历山大围城。
于公元前 47 年三月时，恺撒击败了托勒密十三世的军队。年轻的法老在逃离战场时淹死于尼罗河。
随着她的敌手的死亡或无力，克里奥帕特拉与她较为年轻的弟弟托勒密十四世结婚，并终于取得了埃及的王位。
而亚历山大战争的终结也巩固了克里奥帕特拉与恺撒之间浪漫与政治上的结盟。
公元前 47 年六月时，克里奥帕特拉生下了她命名为恺撒里昂的儿子。然而恺撒并没有把他视为自己的继承人，反而选择了他的侄子屋大维。
虽然如此，在他回归罗马时，恺撒邀请女王与她的弟弟兼丈夫留在城市中。她的存在仍旧引来元老院的许多反对声浪。
而始终都是战略专家的恺撒将四个军团留在埃及，以及一个他信任的人来负责埃及事务，赋予他掌控罗马重要小麦供给的权力。
克里奥帕特拉与她的随从留在罗马，直到公元前 44 年三月恺撒遭到了谋杀。
恺撒最忠诚的盟友：马克·安东尼，经常在他滞留于罗马时拜访埃及女王。与多数人不同的是，他认可恺撒的亲生儿子，恺撒里昂的正统性。
安东尼知道他需要埃及的富裕才能对抗屋大维，并掌控罗马帝国。
克里奥帕特拉相对地看见了一名强大的盟友。在公元前 41 年冬季，她安排了一场以船只进行的奢华埃及之旅， 借此展示给安东尼看她国家的富裕，以及她作为统治者握有的权力。
随后发展了一段浪漫又具政治性的关系。罗马元老院对此再次感到不悦。为了获得罗马人民的民心，安东尼与屋大维的姐姐屋大薇结了婚。
虽然他与屋大薇结了婚，安东尼仍然是克里奥帕特拉的情人，而她也为安东尼生下了两人的孩子。
克里奥帕特拉拓展了她王国的领土，并且开始与她的情人发起政治宣传，在埃及与其他国家中散播着。 她希望创造一个托勒密联邦帝国，而亚历山大将作为这帝国的中心。
安东尼最终为了埃及女王而跟他的罗马妻子断绝关系，这让罗马的精英分子感到气馁。
然而当马克·安东尼专注在埃及时，屋大维小心地增强在罗马的军事与政治优越性并超越他。
屋大维发展了他自己的宣传活动，并且获得了成功。罗马人厌恶马克·安东尼与克里奥帕特拉。
为了避免攻击罗马同胞会引起的怨恨，屋大维直接对埃及宣战。
罗马的统治力量仍相当强势。克里奥帕特拉领军的强大的埃及舰队以及马克·安东尼的军队，两支军队都在公元前 31 年于亚克兴角被击败。
屋大维于公元前 30 年抵达埃及，以正式声明他的胜利。
Death of Cleopatra, by Louis-Marie Baader
后续的事件非常难以确认，因为流传了太多不同版本与相关的传说。
据信是在听到克里奥帕特拉自杀的谣言之后，马克·安东尼自杀。他在缓慢死去的同时被带去了女王身边。
因为知道屋大维会把她捆绑并以战败之姿游行于罗马，克里奥帕特拉因而计划自杀。
她最有可能是使用砒霜杀死自己的，然而她使用角螲对自己做出致命一咬的版本被认为比较有戏剧性。
至于克里奥帕特拉的遗体的下场仍是一股谜团……
亚历山大围城[]
凯撒所著《内战记》 (edition of 1574)
在尤利乌斯·恺撒许多手写纪载中，有着他对于亚历山大围城的亲身描述，被称为“高卢战记”和“内战记”。
这些文档包含不同战役的内容：“亚历山大战记”，“阿非利加战记”以及“西班牙战记”。 每本书卷纪录了恺撒从公元前 58 年至公元前 45 年的军事活动。
尽管恺撒的文档仍然是主要信息来源，需要知道一点非常重要的就是，这当中的观点非常有限。 只有参考其他历史文献作为研究，才能更加了解当时所发生的事件。
Alexandria Palace Cape Lochias
亚历山大围城紧接着其根源的内战而发生，在这当中描述了恺撒在托勒密王宫被围攻的局势。
其他古代作者们也留下同样重要且有时候还会互相冲突的数据。
Death of Pompei
在导致亚历山大围城发生的事件之中，克里奥帕特拉七世和她的弟弟为了争夺埃及的统治权而战。 年幼国王托勒密十三世的摄政官：波提纽斯对年轻的法老有着严格的控管，在宫廷斗争中输掉的克里奥帕特拉很快就被迫流亡。
这为庞培抵达亚历山大的事件打下了根基。这名罗马将军在公元前 48 年败给了 恺撒之后，转而向他的埃及盟友寻求安全庇护。
但是在波提纽斯的建议之下，托勒密十三世暗杀了庞培，希望能借此获得恺撒的青睐。 然而这却是失策的决定。
Caesar in Alexandria
当恺撒抵达亚历山大后，等待着他的却是庞培的头颅。罗马人被埃及人杀害这事使他坐立难安。
恺撒明确地表达他的不满，并命令克里奥帕特拉回来，希望让姐弟俩能照父亲的遗愿解决分歧，恢复两人对埃及的共同统治。
波提纽斯和托勒密十三世都不愿意接受这个要求。 在波提纽斯竭尽全力激怒恺撒的同时，他还暗中策划谋反罗马统治者，派人向埃及将军阿基拉斯传话，叫他派两万人来。
在波提纽斯密谋对抗恺撒时，克里奥帕特拉则下了大胆的决定。
Cleoptra meets Caesar
恺撒和克里奥帕特拉之间的相见有着各式各样的描述。
一份报告指出，她独自在晚上溜进了王宫。另个纪载则声称一名盟友带着裹在地毯内的她进到了王宫。
在命运般的会面中究竟发生了什么事情仍有待讨论，但是我们都知道的是，克里奥帕特拉见到了恺撒，并且获得了他的认可。
波提纽斯和托勒密十三世对这发展感到愤怒不平。
随着克里奥帕特拉终于出现，恺撒选择扮演姐弟之间的调解人，希望能和平地化解纷争。
没过多久整件事就失去控制。在庆祝调停的宴会上，出现了一次企图解决恺撒的暗杀。这威胁还是由罗马领导人的理发师亲自阻止了这场刺杀。
一旦发现这刺杀是由国王摄政官波提纽斯所下令的，恺撒下令将他处死，并把年幼的国王置于监视之下。
被困在大约 4000 名士兵驻守的王宫中，并知道敌军即将到达，恺撒派人到叙利亚，罗德斯岛和西里西亚求援。
他命令他的人在王宫四周挖一条沟，建起一道通往港口的墙。这让恺撒随时能够进入海上。
当埃及将军阿基拉斯带着两万人抵达时，亚历山大围城战就开始了。
手边只有这么少人的恺撒还不能冒险冲进战场。他以托勒密之名派使者去见阿基拉斯提出休战的提议。
知道这命令不是年幼国王亲自下令，此外少年法老被监禁这举动激怒了阿基拉斯，并下令杀掉使者。
在恺撒被困在王宫时，阿基拉斯派他的部队驻守在城市四周。亚历山大的街头上爆发了小规模的冲突战，并持续了好几天好几夜。
尽管恺撒的军力比不过敌人，但他们却能坚守阵地。 这迫使阿基拉斯采取下一个行动：占领驻扎在港口的罗马舰队。
虽然王宫提供了庇护，但是失去港口控制权意味着也将失去援助和补给。恺撒知道他必须保护舰队。
在他和部队成功地夺回港口控制权时，他知道这是不可能持续维持下去。
恺撒下令燃烧罗马船舰。随着回到王宫的路线被切断，他前往了亚历山大的灯塔。
在埃及军队杀开一条血路，恺撒和他的人最终抵达了法罗斯岛并躲在灯塔内。
现在恺撒能够轻松进入海洋后，他向盟友传递消息要求增援和更多的补给。
岛上的堡垒也让他能借由埃及人用来控制往来亚历山大码头船只的锁链限制进出港口的船只。
亚历山大围城的事件顺序仍然不是很明确，就连亚历山大大图书馆在什么时候甚至有没有被烧毁，都没有一致的纪载。
有一说是，码头和仓库在战斗中被烧毁，而这火势就顺势蔓延到图书馆。
另一个说法是，当阿基拉斯阻绝港口时，恺撒不得不离开王宫去保护他的船舰。当敌人在港口作战时，他们的武器导致船舰起火燃烧，而火焰一路延烧到图书馆。
无论哪种说法，大图书馆其实都没有完全烧毁。专家指出它的位置离港口太远了，而后来的文献也指出大图书馆仍然健在。
港口附近的仓库里有等待出口的手稿，这些文档比大图书馆本身更有可能被烧毁。
大图书馆的毁坏可能是多年来大大小小火灾所导致。它的终焉可能更接近公元 4 世纪，当时信奉基督教的皇帝狄奥多西一世下令关闭所有异教神殿导致。
虽然有些文档在被移走后仍然流传至今，但目前仍然不清楚关闭大图书馆导致我们失去了什么知识。
有纪载说尽管阿基拉斯在对抗恺撒的战斗中占了上风，但克里奥帕特拉的妹妹除了选择支持托勒密十三世外，还将阿基拉斯处死，让自己的盟友盖尼米德取而代之。
盖尼米德为埃及方提供了许多有价值的战术。切断恺撒与港口的连接，让他因此困在王宫中的战术正是他所提出的。
在托勒密一世统治时期，亚历山大附近凿开了许多运河，以确保能提供源源不绝的新鲜水源。
盖尼米德派人控制这些运河，在隔离出他们自己的水源补给后，他派人把咸水倒入了通向恺撒阵营的运河和蓄水池当中。
恺撒的手下因此爆发了恐慌。在没有淡水的支撑下，他们无法坚持下去。意识到渗水的石灰岩能够协助他们，恺撒和他的手下们凿井并恢复了淡水供应。
几天之后，由庞培士兵组成的第 37 军团搭船抵达。由于风导致无法靠岸，恺撒冒险出海前往位在半岛的赫尔松涅斯岬与他们会合。
当敌人得知恺撒的位置后，他们仓促地赶去拦截。
尽管亚历山大人有着明显的优势，但恺撒凭借一艘有着丰富经验水手们的罗德斯船舰迎向了胜利。
在盟军的帮助下，恺撒的胜利使他逼退埃及人，并巩固了灯塔安全。
取得法罗斯岛控制权后，迫使亚历山大人得跳入大海游回城里。
然而，恺撒在岛上防御却没有持续多久。
敌人重新聚集并且在岛上猛攻着。
尽管恺撒不断鼓舞气势，许多士兵仍然感到畏惧，许多人因此搭船或以跳海的方式逃离他们的岗位。
恺撒曾试图撤退，但是埃乌诺斯特斯的海港被敌方船只占领，彻底扼杀逃跑的可能性。
根据纪录，恺撒在收集了他的文档后，从船上跳进了海中，企图游往位于远方的盟军舰上。
历史学家卡西乌斯·狄奥声称如果恺撒无法及时将紫色外衣脱下的话，就会淹死。尽管如此，他设法游过了这段距离并活了下来。
亚历山大人取得了这件斗篷，并用它作为纪念罗马溃败的战利品。
对盖尼米德不满意并希望他们国王回来的亚历山大人向恺撒提出了妥协。
托勒密十三世恳求着恺撒请他饶过王国，且会继续效忠罗马，恺撒同意释放了他。
然而，国王一被释放就无视协议持续战争。
此时，恺撒的忠实盟友密特里达提抵达了埃及，与托勒密的军队于帕路修斯交手。
密特里达提的数量远超过敌人，并且确保了帕路修斯与亚历山大之间地区的安全。
接到警告说恺撒的盟友正向亚历山大前进的托勒密，派他的部队前去阻止通过河流的道路。
密特里达提及时警告了恺撒，双方军队会合并在三角洲上正面对上托勒密的军队。
在尼罗河之战中，罗马人占了上风，迫使埃及军队落荒而逃。
在骚乱和恐慌中，托勒密十三世国王就淹死在尼罗河当中。
围城结束后，克里奥帕特拉七世嫁给了她的弟弟托勒密十四世，让她能持续统治埃及，直到公元前 30 年为止。
在她的统治下，亚历山大在罗马帝国争取到一席之地，最终超过雅典成为罗马帝国最重要的城市之一。
之后尤利乌斯·恺撒在埃及短暂逗留。他和克里奥帕特拉之后生了一个儿子，叫做恺撒里昂。亚历山大介绍Introduction to Alexandria[]
Learn about the city of Alexandria and the Canopic Way.
Battle of Issus between Alexander and Darius III
After conquering Egypt in 331 BCE, Alexander the Great decided to build a new city, which, as per his habit, he named after himself.
After his death, Alexandria quickly became the capital city of the Ptolemaic kingdom, and the most importantly city of the Greek world.
The city was built between the Mediterranean sea and the Lake Mareotis, which resulted in Alexandria becoming a crucial cultural hub and trading center.
Sumptuous buuildings could be seen wherever one turned their gaze: the royal palaces, the many temples, the gymnasium, lush public gardens, and large avenues.
With its incomparable beauty and advantageous geographic location, Alexandria attracted foreigners, intellectuals and traders.
One of the most cosmopolitan city of the ancient world, Alexandria supplanted even Athens as the most important Greek city in history.
Egyptian obelisks were highly prized by Roman architects. While Roman design previously favored use of a single monument, Egyptian obelisks tended to come in pairs and were generally located at the entrance of temples.
Several ancient Egyptian obelisks are stillin existence today, though many are spread out across the world in locations such as Paris, Rome, New York and London.
All of this shows that Alexandria was significantly influenced by the rich past of Egypt.
Alexandria had several main streets. lts most famous artery was the Canopic Way.
It was lined with sumptuous buildings, houses and temples and was roughly 8 kilometers in length.
This street was one of the most important shipping entrances to Alexandria, and often hosted processions and festivals.
The width of the street, 30 meters, was abnormally large even by Greek standards.
This is likely because Canopic Way was made in a short span of time and based on an urban plan, as opposed to being slowly built over time as was usual for the era.
The Canopic Way originated in the western cemeteries, skirted the gymnasium, and then exited the city to head east through massive doorways towards Kanopos.
This structure was known as the Canopic Door.亚历山大，一座城市的规划Alexandria: Planning of the City[]
了解亚历山大城的设计与规划
Battle of Issus between Alexander and Darius III
亚历山大建造他伟大城市的计划，源自于荷马著作奥德赛中的一个诗章。
“就在那埃及的前方，那汹涌的海中有座名为法罗斯的岛屿。”
收到这些线索的指引之下，亚历山大大帝将他的未来城市创建在尼罗河三角洲的西侧。
虽然亚历山大认为这是建造他为大城市的理想地点，这里却有着许多挑战。
像是沙尘暴期间难以接近，附近的沼泽有疾病的威胁，石灰岩土壤让农作物难以健康成长。
然而因为受到他的导师亚里士多德的影响，亚历山大大帝认同这里真正的价值是在于它的战略地位。
亚历山大知道如果控制东方的帕路修斯，南方的孟斐斯与他西方的王城亚历山大，他将能创造出一个让他掌控整个三角洲，又能够通往地中海的三角要塞。
亚历山大的高墙也有个卑微的开端。
当初因为缺乏描绘未来城市根基的粉笔，建筑师被迫使用面粉来绘制。成群的候鸟飞下而吃掉了面粉，毁掉了蓝图。
这促使亚历山大去寻求神谕者们的指引，而他们很肯定地告诉大帝他这座未来城市注定会供养着巨大的人口。十九世纪时由“天文学家”马哈茂德·贝伊引领的挖掘队，揭露了城墙大约时5.2公里长，2.2公里宽。高度则大概是9米。
作为亚历山大主要建筑师的狄诺克拉底，他选择了一个希波达莫斯的格状规划。
格状规划最大化了功能性，设有宽广的直路和流于其下的运河。亚历山大认可了城市设计中的军事价值。
宽广的平行道路是他监视城市的最佳选择，同时也让士兵能毫无阻碍的行军。
一条中央的道路从地中海那的北方港口，向下延伸到南方的马留提斯湖。
这条道路被当作是两个港口之间商业贸易与旅行的畅行连结。
许多道路都被巨大的建筑与公园所包围，其中也包含了卡诺卜大道遗迹它在东侧尽头的壮观大门。
亚历山大很有可能是立基于一个本来就存在的埃及村庄。
随着它的完工，埃及人排斥这座城市，拒绝用它的建设者之名称呼。相对地，他们称之为“Raqed”，也就是“建筑”，以表示轻蔑，而这称呼后来被希腊化为“罗哈克提斯”。
即便如此，亚历山大这名字仍然留存下来。亚历山大：商业中心Alexandria: A Commercial Hub[]
Learn about the major economical role of Alexandria during ancient times.
The ports of Alexandria were a major commercial hub, effectively connecting Egypt with the Mediterranean regions and beyond.
À tremendous amount of materials and goods flowed through the city on a daily basis. The large port market was called the Emporion. It was there that the merchandise was traded by the ship owners, called naukleros.
Food and other artisan work streamed out of Egypt; ceramics, glass, golden rings and minted coinage. The local potters, using traditional Egyptian techniques, competed with those from abroad, and the textile industry flourished.
What Egypt did not produce itself was acquired through trade using local resources such as wheat and papyrus. Most sought after was pine wood from Syria, iron and marble from the Greek islands, gold from Spain, and exotic fruits from Europe.
All this commercial activity contributed to the already decadent wealth of the city.
The wood imported to Port Mareotis through Alexandria's seaward ports was used in the nearby shipyards, where most of Egypt's ships were built.
Employing tens of thousands of ship builders, the shipyards contributed to establishing the Egyptian fleet as one of the mightiest of the era.
Any wood not used in shipbuilding was further disseminated through Egypt for various purposes.
(Behind the scenes)
The southern port of Lake Mareotis was the biggest in Alexandria.
Save for a branch angling westward, the lake's size in the Ptolemaic era was roughly 40 to 50 kilometers, from north to south. Its waters were maintained by a steady runoff from the Nile.
In addition to the lake, a man-made canal was created to assist in the transfer of goods from the city to the port using barges, though it is not represented in the game due to its size.
Banking was one of the most distinctive innovations brought by the Greeks to Egypt.
The centerpiece of Alexandria's wealth was the royal systematisation of taxes on almost everything. Basic items such as salt, oil, beer, wheat and linen were heavily taxed.
Às a result, the royal treasury of Alexandria was able to insure the economic stability of most of the administrative areas of Egypt.
By the late 12th century, the channel feeding the lake from the Nile silted up. Lake Mareotis lost its connection to the Mediterranean as well as most of its water, as the lake slowly evaporated to a fraction of its former size.
In modern times Lake Mareotis is being kept alive through irrigation. However, only about 17% of its original size remains.亚历山大，欢庆之城Alexandria, City of Celebration[]
Learn about the various forms of entertainment that existed in Alexandria.
Like most Greek cities, Alexandria offered multiple forms of entertainment. Most were related to cults, religious practices and the festivities surrounding those practices.
Among those festivities, the most important ones were the dynastic celebrations instituted in honor of the deified Ptolemaic kings and queens.
These celebrations could go on for many days and included sacrifices, offerings, processions and public banquets.
Games and competitions were organized whenever possible in Locations such as the stadium, the hippodreme and the gymnasium.
The residents of Alexandria favored such events, where athletes, poets and musicians from Egypt and other cities of the Greek world competed.
(Behind the Scenes)
Like all good Greek cities, Alexandria had a theater.
The architecture of this structure is Roman in style. This is because the team duplicated a theater from Cyrene.
Roman theaters were usually semicircular and built from scratch on a flat area with structures designed to enhance oration.
Greek theaters were more oblong in shape, similar to a horseshoe and favored the slopes of natural hills to support their acoustics.
Atthe theater, one could witness the plays of contemporary, comic and tragic authors.
The play you are witnessing below is Menander's Dyskolos, more commonly known as The Grouch, a late and popular entry in the Greek comedies.亚历山大的教育Education in Alexandria[]
Learn how young Alexandrians were educated.
The education of young Alexandrians did not differ from the one generally dispensed elsewhere in Ancient Greece.
At the age of seven, the child was taken in charge by a tutor, who then became responsible for instilling an elementary education, as well as good moral principles.
Teaching was generally done outside, in the open air. In the gymnasium, students were taught not only sports, but also topics such as rhetoric, philosophy, music and poetry - all things deemed essential to ones' education at the time.
(Behind the scenes)
Here, both boys and girls are shown attending a class given by one of the rhetoricians of the era.
The team made the choice to show both genders attending class within the context of the game world. Even though it is historically innacurate, the team felt it was not necessary to prioritize historical sexism over inclusive gameplay.亚历山大大图书馆The Great Library of Alexandria[]
Discover the history of the greatest library in antiquity and learn about the great minds of the ancient world.
Alexandria Center (with library)
Near the district of royal palaces and within the Mouseion was the most famous library of all Antiquity.
The Library of Alexandria was built to house all of human knowledge.
At its pinnacle the library was believed to contain over 700,000 parchments.
Library of Celsus (Ephesus) / Roman Period
(Behind the scenes)
Throughout the centuries, fires and wars between Christianity and paganism destroyed the library, leaving nothing behind.
The loss of the building, and more importantly its vast collection, is immeasurable.
As no descriptions are available, the team's rendition of the Library of Alexandria was inspired by the visuals of the library of Celsus at Ephesus.
Library of Alexandria
While much of the collection was purchased at the government's expense, the library also obtained books through other means.
Any books owned by travelers coming through the city were seized to be copied for the library. The copy would then be returned to the owner and the original entered into the library's collection.
Plato's Academy mosaic
Alexandria offered unrivaled intellectual and cultural attractions. Eminent scholars from Athens, Rhodes and other Greek centers traveled to the city to learn and engage with other free thinkers.
Both the Mouseion and the Library were at the center of groundbreaking ideas, and creative expression.
Auditorium
The great minds of antiquity were usually well versed in many disciplines, which were often associated with specific schools of thoughts. The Peripatetics, the Stoics and the Cynics were among the most well-known schools of the time.
It is clear that Alexandria lived up to its fundamental role as a city for intellectuals, nurturing many great minds whose impact reverberates through our modern world.
Draped woman (Statuette found in Alexandra) / 3rd century BCE
Hypatia of Alexandria was a Greek mathematician, philosopher, astronomer and inventor.
Though born in Greece, she eventually migrated to Alexandria, like many great minds of the time. Itis there that she became the head of the Neoplatonist School of Alexandria.
From most accounts, she was highly respected by her fellow Alexandrians, both as a teacher and a philosopher.
With her death, the age of great ancient scientific discoveries came to an end.
Marble statue of a draped seated man (possibly Kallimachos) / 1st century BCE
Kaltimachos was born in Cyrene and educated in Athens. After his studies, he moved to Alexandria to work in the Great Library.
A poet and a critic, he strongly rejected the epic format of Homeric poems, and instead fervently supported a shorter, more judiciously formulated style of poetry.
His epigrams and elegiac poems were emulated by later poets. His work was extremely popular, second only to Homer's own works.
Euclid, founder of geometry, 300 BCE / 18th Century
It was in Alexandria that mathematician Euclid, the father of geometry, wrote The Elements, laying out the foundational work of what would become modern algebra and number theory.
Euclidean geometry would become one of the most influential systems in the evolution of mathematics.
Map of the world by Eratosthenes of Cyrene, circa 240 BCE / 1803
How do you calculate the circumference of the Earth? With a camel, two sticks and shadows cast by the sun.
This is what Eratosthenes of Cyrene, described in his principal work, Geography, while he was director of the Great Library of Alexandria.
He is credited for the invention of the armillary sphere, around 250 BCE.
Armillary sphere made by Jean-Baptiste Delure & Jean Pigeon, Dauphin's Chamber
The eartiest known and most complete armillary sphere of antiquity was the Meteoroskopion of Alexandria, with an imposing nine rings, compared to the three or four of most other astrolabes.
Known as the Zodiac Krikotoi amongst the Greeks, the Meteoroskopion was used to determine the location of celestial bodies around the Earth.
Every self-respecting astronomer of antiquity would have sought to use this tool to better understand the celestial movements.
The philosopher Pythagoras, shown teaching / 1463
Pythagoras of Samos was a well-known and respected philosopher and mathematician. He is best known for the Pythagorean theorem.
However, there is proof that the theorem existed in Babylonia and India long before Pythagoras was born, casting some doubts as to who exactly originated the theorem.
亚历山大的缪斯神殿The Mouseion of Alexandria[]
Learn about the Mouseion of Alexandria and its function within the city.
The Mouseion was a sector of the city commissioned by Ptolemy |, to rival Athens' Academy as an institute of intellectual pursuit.
Dedicated to the nine inspiring Muses, the Mouseion became a great center for philosophical and scientific enlightenment. It welcomed scholars from many kingdoms, inviting them to share knowledge in literature, science and geography.
The Mouseion was designed so that its buildings and grounds would accommodate free thinking, debate and presentation.
Meeting spaces and theaters surrounded a main courtyard.
Expansive gardens were filled with exotic plants that aided in the study and supply of herbs and medicines. A zoo offered the study of animal behavior and physiology.
Also among the Mouseion's many star attractions was its astronomical observatory.
Herophilos was a physician who lived most of his life in Alexandria. He was able to perform the dissection of human cadavers on a large scale due to the permissiveness of the city in such matters.
Among many other discoveries, he learned that the brain was central to the human nervous system. He also extensively mapped the blood system and measured the pulse with the aid of a water clock.
It is reported that in his thirst to understand human anatomy, he performed 600 vivisection on five prisioners.
In order to be free to pursue their research, scholars were fed and housed at the Mouseion at the government's expense.
This freedom provided Alexandria's scholars a meeting space for intellectual pursuits, and a haven for spiritual peace.
Though nothing remains of the original Mouseion, it lives on as the legacy of our modern museums.亚历山大的塞拉皮斯神殿The Serapeion of Alexandria[]
Learn about the Serapeion of Alexandria and its function within the city.
In a city of numerous magnificent attractions, the Serapeion was considered to be the most beautiful temple of Alexandria.
Located southwest of the city on a small hill known as the Acropolis, the sanctuary was constructed during the reign of Ptolemy III, upon foundations which had existed since the reign of Ptolemy I Soter.
Visitors of the Serapeion climbed a hundred steps to reach the courtyard.
Libraries were installed in the porticoes surrounding the square building, with its roof and columns adorned with gold and gilded bronze. Pharaohs were generous to the temple, as were several Roman emperors after Egypt's conquest.
An inner temple housed the statue of Serapis, dedicated to healing the sick.
Since the 26th dynasty, Greeks in Egypt had gradually integrated the Egyptian cult of the Apis bull to their own rituals.
With the establishment of the Ptolemaic dynasty, the cult of Apis was further integrated into Greek religion.
During his rule, Ptolemy | chose to merge Egyptian and Hellenic gods into a syncretic divinity named Serapis. This name was the result of the amalgamation of Osiris and Apis.
With this new deity, the Ptolemaic dynasty managed to accommodate similar belief sets for two different cultures, bringing about a new dynastic cult.
Serapis was also associated to other deities, including Asclepius, a Greek god of healing.
It is possible that as with the Serapis temple of Kanopos, the sick would visit this sanctuary, sleeping there overnight in the hopes of being healed within its hallowed halls.法罗斯岛The Islands of Pharos[]
Learn about the Islands of Pharos, and the monuments located on the islands.
Alexandria - View from the Mediterranean Sea
The Heptastadion was a bridge-like causeway connecting the island of Pharos to mainland Alexandria.
Its name is based on the Greek terms of measurement: hepta meaning seven and stadion, which is a measure of length of roughly 180 meters.
Alexandria - Canopic Way (Detail on Hepstastadion
Since its construction would seperate the Grand Port to the east and the Port of Eunostos to the west, it was designed with channels at each end.
These openings allowed passage from one port to the other.
Map of Alexandria / 1575
Along with creating seperate harbors for the commercial and military shipping, the causeway served as a main aqueduct for the island's inhabitants.
Its presence also helped protect the island its ports from rough wind and sea currents.
At the end of antiquity, the Heptastadion disappeared under layers of slit and soil, which formed an important sedimentary deposit.
Alexandria and its environs. View of the Obelisk known as the Needle of Cleopatra & The Tower of the Romans
While the Serapeion was the most celebrated of the temples in Alexandria, many other temples were built within the city.
Most of these structures have been completely erased over time, and there is no way to discern how many existed.
However, research of ancient papyri offer tantalizing hints as to the possible location of at least some of the temples.
Statue of Fortuna / Vatican Museum, Rome
Both papyri and coins reveal evidence of many temples built for the gods.
Poseidon, the god of the sea, likely had an edifice in his honor west of this island, as well as on the main land.
This temple next to you is dedicated to Iset Pharia, the divine protector of the lighthouse. This location hosted annual celebrations in the month of April known as the Sacrum Pharia, in connection to the lighthouse.
In her incarnation as Iset Fortuna, the goddess carries a rudder and a cornucopia, both symbols of good luck for navigators.
Isis Pharia (divine protector of sailors)
Considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Lighthouse of Alexandria was a source of great pride for the inhabitants of the city.
Construction began under Ptolemy I's reign and lasted fifteen years. It was completed during his son's rule.
Once completed the lighthouse was dedicated to the gods, for the salvation of those who sail the sea.
Built on the island of Pharos, the stone structure was three tiers set on top of one another in a step formation.
The second floor consisted of an octagonal tower and the top floor was a cylindrical tower topped by a statue.
The interior provided space for staff rooms and a ramp, which allowed the transport of fuel to the upper floors.
Tower. Alexandria Lighthouse
Essential to safe navigation through the rifts and shallow waters, the Pharos was a functioning lighthouse, with a beam reported visibl 50 kilometers away.
It's unclear what kind of fuel was used, or how much. Any other details of how the light worked remain a mystery.
Alexandria currency under Harien. Lighthouse
For several centuries the Pharos was one of the highest monuments ever built by man. It measured roughly 110 meters in height, compared to the Pyramid of Giza which was 140 meters tall.
Gradually the structure was eroded by earthquakes, and then completely destroyed in 1480 CE when a fort was built over it.
Archaeological excavations on the seabed have uncovered many blocks from the ancient building.
潘神殿The Paneion[]
Learn abouit the Paneion of Alexandria.
The Paneion was a temple built in honor of the god Pan, divinity of nature.
This Greek god, often represented as a half-man, half-goat with a beard, horns and goat's hooves, was considered the protector of shepherds and herds.
Pan's attribute was his namesake musical instrument: the pan flute. His temples were usually located in caves and on high mountains, and were frequented by shepherds.
It is likely that Mediterranean cults adopted the imagery of Pan to symbolize the Christian devil.
To give proper honor to the god, Alexandrians built an artificial hill upon which they housed his temple, to compensate for the flat relief of the city.
The artificial mound had the shape of a spinning top or a pine cone, which was accessed by a spiral staircase. The top had a panoramic view of the entire city.
Only such heights would be fitting for a mountain god.亚历山大赛马场The Hippodrome of Alexandria[]
Learn about the events held at the hippodrome.
The main hippodrome of the city was called the Lageion, in honor of Lagos, the ancestor of the Ptolemies.
Alexandrians were great lovers of horse racing. They were fascinated by the rivalry of these races, the agôn as it was said at that time, that every competition brought.
It was a struggle for glory.
The most important chariot race was the tethrippon. Using four horses, with the quickest harnessed to the front right, the charioteer would race for twelve laps, with sharp turns at either end of the hippodrome.
The victors were crowned with garlands of olive and received prize money, but the most sought-after reward was to be acelaimed by the works of poets such as Kallimachos and Pindar.
“Ye hymns that rule the lyre! What god, what hero, aye, and what man shall we loudly praise?
Verily Zeus is the lord of Pisa; and Heracles established the Olympic festival, [...) while Thêrôn must be proclaimed by reason of his victorious chariot with its four horses, Thêrôn who is just in his regard for guests, and who is the bulwark of Acragas, the choicest flower of an auspicious line of sires, whose city towers on high, (...) bringing wealth and glory to crown their native merits.”每日生活[]
欧西里斯，第一具木乃伊Osiris, The First Mummy[]
Understand the significance of the mummies for ancient Egyptians.
The oldest mummies recovered date from the Old Kingdom, though Egyptologists believe that mummification was in use much earlier than that.
At first, the body was mummified through environmental desiccation, by leveraging the dryness of the environment and the heat of the climate.
Earty experimentations in mummification were conducted with the use of resin made from tree sap. Strips of linen were only used on some superficial parts of the epidermis of the hands, or jaw.
Ideologically, the will to preserve the body is not explained in any way until 3600 BCE. This is when the Egyptian belief that the body housed the soul was finally documented for modern Egyptologists to eventually decipher.
Itwas not until the arrival of the myth of Osiris in the Egyptian religion, around the 5th Dynasty, that mummification was thoroughly conceptualized. The practice was thereafter grounded in both a mythological and ideological point of view.
Osiris was mainly known as the god of the dead, and the god of resurrection.
The most well-known genesis myth concerning Osiris is that of his dismemberment.
It is Plutarch who gives the most simplified and complete summary of the story.
Within Egyptian mythology, Osiris represented the first king to rule Egypt. Jealous of his power, his brother Seth attempted to usurp his throne.
After several unsuccessful attempts, Seth succeeded in killing his brother by dismembering him, and scattering the pieces of his body all over Egypt.
Iset, the Great of Magic, traveled all over Egypt in search of the pieces of her husband's body. After a long search, she recovered all the pieces, save for his manhood, as it was eaten by a fish.
Iset then reassembled the body of her husband by binding it together with strips of linen.
Aided by her sister Nephthys, another powerful magician, they gave Osiris the breath of life. This not only brought him back from the dead, but also allowed him to recover his virility long enough to impregnate Iset, thus insuring his succession before, once more, dying.
Thus, Horus was born.
The ritual used to bring Osiris back to life essentially depicts how he became the first mummy.
It is why, on the sarcophagi of kings, we often find Iset and Nephthys represented as the magicians who restore life to the deceased.古埃及的木乃伊Mummies of Ancient Egypt[]
Learn about the process of mummification in Ancient Egypt.
The mummification process used by Ancient Egyptians was highly ceremonialin nature.
The different types of mummification took into account the social Level and richness of the deceased, and even included animals.
The most expensive was that reserved for the pharaoh and the royal family, as well as some of the wealthiest members of the court.
The first step was cleaning. Once bodies arrived at the mummification site, they were placed on inclined tables while the bodily fluids drained away.
They were then cleaned by priests, until they were deemed ready for the purification process.
The purification of the body began with a libation from sacred water. The priests then fumigated the body with terebinth resin.
After the ritual cleansing, priests used oils, spices and all kinds of essences to further purify the body of the deceased. Finally, all body hair was meticulously removed.
Once the body was properly purified, embalmers removed the organs, following very specific procedures.
First, the brain was extracted by inserting a spoon through the nostril to break the ethmoid bone. Then, using a spatula, the pieces of the brain were removed as thoroughly as possible. What matter remained was extracted after a process of liquification achieved through the use of a caustic liquid.
The cranial box, once emptied, was rinsed and disinfected with palm wine, and then stuffed with strips of linen cloth and liquefied resin.
After taking care of the brain, embalmers made an incision on the left flank and carefully set aside the viscera.
The inside of the body was also rinsed with palm wine. Then, the embalmers filled the belly with pure myrrh, cinnamon and other perfumes and sewed it shut.
The removed viscera were washed in palm wine, and packed in crushed herbs before being placed in canopic jars.
Canopic jars were placed close to the sarcophagus, or kept in a chest nearby.
At first, the viscera were wrapped in tissue and placed in the vases. As the ritual requirements became more elaborate, ointments, spices and even water and natron were added to the process.
Towards the middle of the New Kingdom, canopic jars assumed the appearance of the four sons of Horus.
They were known as the protectors of the viscera. These protectors had their own guardians, each a goddess of the dead.
Imsety, the human-headed god, protected the liver, and was protected by the goddess Iset. Hapi, the baboon-headed god, protected the lungs, and was protected by the goddess Nephthys.
Duamutef, the jackal-headed god, protected the stomach, and was protected by the goddess Neith.
And finally Kebehsenuef, the falcon-headed god, protected the intestines, and was protected by the goddess Selket.Natron is a naturally occurring mineral found in evaporite. These sedimentary rocks are made up of mineral salts, and were generally mined from lakebeds in Egypt.
Embalmers used natron as a desiccant, to dry the flesh and stop the corpse's putrefaction process.
Once the body was cleansed and eviscerated, the deceased was covered in natron for about forty days.
Once desiccated, the body was prepared to be wrapped in strips of linen.
Once the body was fully desiccated by the natron treatment, embalmers oiled, painted, and sometimes even added hair extensions or a wig.
They often used a henna-based antiseptic preparation to give the body a more colorful and lively appearance, while preparing it to resist molds and fungi.
Next came the phase which gave mummies their most well-known appearance: the wrapping.
Originally, each part of the body was wrapped separately. Men had their arms crossed on their chests, while women had the right arm folded over their breasts, and the left arm stretched along the body.
However, techniques evolved over time. Eventually the body as a whole was wrapped with limbs alongside the body, and increasingly sophisticated and different techniques of weaving flax bands were developed.
In addition to the jewelry and amulets arranged on the skin of the deceased, amulets were also carefully inserted into the weaving of the linen strips.
Each amulet was linked to a myth or to an ideological belief related to rebirth.
Masks were an important part of a mummy's finery. Early wooden funeral coverings were very expensive, however, and soon replaced by masks created through a technique known as cartonnage.
Masks fashioned with this method were created by laying several layers of linen or papyrus pulp on a base made of mud or straw.
Cartonnage was used for more than funerary masks. Ornaments and the animal coffins of the Late Period were also made in such a fashion.
Cartonnage evolved to cover the entire body of the mummy during the 22nd Dynasty.
The mummies were placed on a board inside a rigid envelope of cartonnage, which was laced at the back with a string.
Extremely cost effective and visually pleasing, this technique was very popular through all layers of the society.
Cartonnage envelopes were usually covered with inscriptions and polychrome decorations specifying the names and titles of the deceased, scenes depicting daily life, or decorations specific to the funerary world.
This was a true gift for Egyptologists eager to study the funerary rites of the ancient Egyptians.
Once the mummy was properly wrapped and adorned, the embalmers proceeded with the ceremony of the Opening of the Mouth.
A vital step of the funerary process, this ceremony was meant to bring back to life the deceased themselves, or an object representing the deceased.
There were no less than seventy-five different stages for the Opening of the Mouth.
It required the application of the same coils, ointments, spices, and perfumes used during the mummification process. Make-up was sometimes part of the process as well.
The last stage of this long ritual was the act of touching the mouth with the adze to symbolically allow the breath of life to infuse an inert body.
Its performance was reserved for a very specific set of people: priests who wore the mask of the god Anubis, a close relative of the family or by the heir to the throne.木乃伊的重要性The Importance of Mummies[]
Understand the importance of mummies for ancient Egyptians.
The first hieroglyph for embalmer appeared in pyramid texts of the Old Kingdom.
It is likely that embalming was a trade that progressed alongside the evolution of ancient Egyptian funeral practices.
While we still know nothing of how embalming came to be a profession, we do know that embalmers had a hierarchy, and that each embalmer specialized in a specific phase of the mummification process.
The mummification techniques were jealously guarded by embalmers from generation to generation.
Despite their efforts, Herodotus and Diodorus discovered their methods in late Antiquity, but historians were sceptical about the validity of the texts.
It remained a mystery until two teams of modern medico-legal scientists confirmed the process in 1994, and again in 2011.
The ouabet, meaning the pure place, was where the embalmers mummified the bodies of the deceased.
Until the end of the Middle Kingdom, it was located in tents at the edges of the city due to the smell of decomposition. In the New Kingdom, however, the ouabet was located within the city limits, though stillin open-air spaces.
In the same way that the practices and techniques of mummification evolved, so possibly did consideration towards embalmers within ancient Egyptian society.
The pharaoh had access to the most elaborate of mummification rituals. The richer citizens of Egypt also enjoyed complex embalming options, though none of them allowed for the removal of the brain or viscera.
After purifying the body, embalmers injected a liquid through the rectum, sealed it, and allowed the mixture to settle. They then plunged the body into natron for up to forty days.
Once the body was dried the seal was removed, and the entrails flowed out with the injected liquid, leaving the skin and bones of the deceased to be wrapped in linen and returned to the family for burial.
The least costly embalming option was for the embalmers to simply inject a product called surmaia, and immerse the body in the natron for up to forty days before handing it over to the family.
For all those who could not afford any embalming process, desert burials offered a pauper's alternative to preserve the bodies of the dead.
Egyptian civilization has always appealed to Westerners, even before the Greek and Roman invasions.
As early as the Middle Ages, mummies discovered by travelers were often sent back to Europe. Curio cabinets dating from the 16th and 17th centuries usually included pharaonic artifacts in their collections.
The Egyptomania phenomenon was heralded by Napoleon Bonaparte's Egyptian campaign, which lasted from 1798 to 1802.
The following years were marked by a resurgence of interest from rich enthusiasts and scholars, who exposed Egypt to the general populace.
Many research societies focusing on Egyptology were founded during those years.
By 1868, mass tourism began in Egypt, under the aegis of the Cook agency.
The rich would indulge in Leisure trips to Egypt, and bring back mummies. Upon their return, they would organize evenings that consisted of unpacking mummies, and removing strips of linen and amulets layer by layer. These were considered the shining cultural events of the season.
The Egyptian collections of many a museum were founded as a consequence of this mass pillaging.
Thanks to those dubious parties, the fantasy of a mummy coming back to life seeking revenge on its defilers was born.
The mummy malediction myth has remained steady in popular culture ever since, particularly in written media and cinema.Amulets & Rituals[]
Understand how magic and religion was an essential aspect of ancient Egyptian life.
Ancient Egyptians believed the world was a chaotic place, filled with supernatural forces. They knew that art and words gave life and power to things.
Carved with images from hieroglyphs or in the shapes of gods, amulets were highly personal objects that warded off dangers and disease while attracting success.
Some amulets were temporary, intended to solve a specific problem, while others were meant to be worn forever into the afterlife.
Priests would infuse amulets with magical energy during religious ceremonies, imbuing them with protective magic to safeguard against supernatural powers.
The wealthiest of Egyptians could obtain a divinely ordained pendant, in which was hidden a magic formula inscribed on a piece of papyrus. It would act as a unique spell tailored to the owner.
Religion was so important to ancient Egyptians that it permeated every aspect of their daily lives.
Since water was the source of life and had the symbolism of purifying the body and the soul, all daily routines began with ablutions.
Personal prayers to the gods were sometimes written or spoken, with family prayers passed down through generations.
There was a complete calendar of each of the religious days, both good and bad, illustrating the appropriate daily rituals.
Along with wine, milk and ointments, offerings to the gods consisted of small amulets to life-size statues and family shrines.
During the Greco-Roman period offerings to the gods consisted of mummified animals. Cats for Bastet, dogs for Anubis, and birds for Thoth.
Deemed messengers of the gods, oracles offered guidance and judgment for all Egyptians, regardless of status.
Crucial advice was offered on everything from day-to-day farming management to a pharaoh's decision on whether to start a war.
Oracles were often used to decide legal issues. If the accused refused the judgment of the god, another god could be consulted in hopes of a more favorable reply.
Itwas oracles that guided the Greek sailor Battos to the coast of Libya where he founded a colony known as Cyrene.
During Alexander the Great's campaign to conquer Persia, he consulted the oracle at the temple of Ammon within the oasis of Siwa, and was subsequently ordained a divine being.护身符与仪式Amulets & Rituals[]
Understand how magic and religion was an essential aspect of ancient Egyptian life.
Ancient Egyptians believed the world was a chaotic place, filled with supernatural forces. They knew that art and words gave life and power to things.
Carved with images from hieroglyphs or in the shapes of gods, amulets were highly personal objects that warded off dangers and disease while attracting success.
Some amulets were temporary, intended to solve a specific problem, while others were meant to be worn forever into the afterlife.
Priests would infuse amulets with magical energy during religious ceremonies, imbuing them with protective magic to safeguard against supernatural powers.
The wealthiest of Egyptians could obtain a divinely ordained pendant, in which was hidden a magic formula inscribed on a piece of papyrus. It would act as a unique spell tailored to the owner.
Religion was so important to ancient Egyptians that it permeated every aspect of their daily lives.
Since water was the source of life and had the symbolism of purifying the body and the soul, all daily routines began with ablutions.
Personal prayers to the gods were sometimes written or spoken, with family prayers passed down through generations.
There was a complete calendar of each of the religious days, both good and bad, illustrating the appropriate daily rituals.
Along with wine, milk and ointments, offerings to the gods consisted of small amulets to life-size statues and family shrines.
During the Greco-Roman period offerings to the gods consisted of mummified animals. Cats for Bastet, dogs for Anubis, and birds for Thoth.
Deemed messengers of the gods, oracles offered guidance and judgment for all Egyptians, regardless of status.
Crucial advice was offered on everything from day-to-day farming management to a pharaoh's decision on whether to start a war.
Oracles were often used to decide legal issues. If the accused refused the judgment of the god, another god could be consulted in hopes of a more favorable reply.
Itwas oracles that guided the Greek sailor Battos to the coast of Libya where he founded a colony known as Cyrene.
During Alexander the Great's campaign to conquer Persia, he consulted the oracle at the temple of Ammon within the oasis of Siwa, and was subsequently ordained a divine being.古埃及的神殿与仪式Temples & Rituals of Ancient Egypt[]
Learn about the importance of the pharaoh and of the priests in ancient rituals, and understand the influence of temples in ancient Egyptian society.
During rituals and festivals, the god was carried on a solar barge between the areas of a temple, or the temples of different cities.
Funerary carvings and paintings covering thousands of years as well as the Book of the Dead, depict the same ship and oar design.
Solar barges have been uncovered near or within several pharaohs' tombs.
They were intended to carry the pharaoh into the afterlife.
Ancient Egyptians believed that Ra, the sun god, traveled the skies in a boat known as the solar barge.
The solar barge was believed to cross over to mythological lands.
The god Ra believed mankind was conspiring against him. He ordered Sekhmet, the lion-headed war goddess, to kill all humans.
To his chagrin, Ra quickly realized that with all humans gone there would be no one left to worship him.
In order to stop the rampaging Sekhmet, beer was brewed and dyed red with pomegranate juice to resemble blood.
Sekhmet drank every drop of the brew she could find, eventually passing out drunk. When she awoke, she was calmer, and her lion visage had changed into Bastet.
The Festival of Drunkenness was celebrated in honor of that myth.
Unlike the daily rituals that took place in the temple and were performed by priests, festivals allowed the entire population of the city to participate.
Festivals helped mark the passing of the seasons in the agricultural calendar.
In reflecting the cycles of life, festivals offered a sense of consistency and structure for the regular citizens, thus reinforcing the sense of order that pharaohs were to provide for the citizens of Egypt as part of their godly duties.
The importance of these festivals is demonstrated by their longevity. Records show that Osiris festivals occurred for more than 2000 years.
Some festivals served to reinforce state control, and promote the king's reign.
Both the Opet and Sed jubilee festivals were specifically intended to celebrate the renewal of the king's power.
The temple hierarchy consisted of high priests, several types of priests, scribes and servants.
The high priest was known as the prophet. Some divinities had up to four prophets, and they were the ones to perform the most advanced and complex rituals.
Egyptian priests were not confined to solely religious tasks, and in fact had crucial roles in Egypt's administration, most of which served to reaffirm the pharaoh as the proper vessel for the gods.
Their focus within the temple was centered on the proper conduct of daily divine rituals, rather than as custodians of dogma or the indoctrination of individuals.
Scribes were custodians of the sacred sciences. Some priests were associated with the funeral rites and were considered the group with medical knowledge.
The servants of the ka were low-ranking priests who carried food and offerings in funerary rituals.
Lector priests were distinguished by their ability to read, and their main duty was to recite specialized religious texts in both temple and funerary rituals.
Priests and all the officials who served the temple worked only three months a year, with each period separated by a quarter of inactivity, at least within the temple compund.
Each outgoing group handed over the temple and their tools to the newcomers.
Only the high priesthood remained in permanent office within the temple.
(Behind the Scenes)
The most sacred part of the temple was referred to as djesr djesru, the “holy of holies.”
The most sacred inner sanctuary was where the shrine to the temple deity was located.
Only priests were allowed within. Offerings were given, and rituals unseen by even the pharaoh were performed.
While the team chose to allow any character access to this space in some game temples, normally it was reserved for priests alone.
Pharaohs and their priests often chose the site of these sacred temples because of some mythological connection, or an alignament with the cardinal points and certain stars. Once selected, a foundation ritual was performed.
The pharaoh was required to complete 10 steps in the ritual, which required a mix of offerings as well as specific construction techniques.
Once the temple was complete, construction of the chamber containing the shrine, or naos, began.
The naos was where the god statue stood. The representation of the deity was usually in stone or wood and decorated with gold, silver and precious stones.
Smaller temples had only one naos, while larger complexes such as the temple of Karnak had many chambers to honor gods such as Amun, Ptah, and Osiris.
Each statue was believed to be a receptacle for the presence or essence of the god's ka, enabling it to take a physical form.
Through the statue, the god came to the shrine to eat, drink, and communicate with the pharaoh, or with the priests standing in for the pharaoh.神殿与祭司Temples And Priests[]
Learn about the influence of temples in Egyptian societym and the role of the pharaoh and priests in ancient rituals.
From its foundation, the city of Memphis favored worship of the god Ptah.
The main temple of Ptah was known as Hut-ka-Ptah, meaning palace of the ka of Ptah.
The name of the temple, translated into Greek as Aegyptos, would eventually evolve into the modern name: Egypt.
Temples were the center of religious, political and economic life in ancient Egypt.
These sacred places were viewed as the literal home of the gods and goddesses. As such, every aspect of them required care and reverence, all of which was accomplished through elaborate ritual.
Located in the center of Memphis, the temple of Ptah was the most prominent and imposing building in the city.
The long walkway leading toward the temple, known as the dromos, was guarded by rows of sphinxes.
The entire sacred area was designed to keep the statue of the god protected deep within the sacred enclosures that surrounded it.
The dromos opened into a courtyard, with a surrounding portico graced with columns carved to resemble palm trees.
During special festivals the general population was allowed to enter this location, but under no circumstances would they be allowed into the sacred spaces beyond the courtyard.
The Memphis Alabaster Sphinx was discovered in 1912, almost completely buried in water and sand.
Eight meters in height and weighing in at roughly 90 tons, it is still mounted on its original pedestal.
Though it is called the Alabaster Sphinx, it was in fact carved from common calcite rock, which is similar in appearance and texture to alabaster.
Erosion has destroyed the original engravings, making it difficult to determine when it was created.
Egyptologists believe that its facial likeness resembles Amenhotep Il, and so it could have been sculpted somewhere between 1700 and 1400 BCE.
Itis believed that this monument once stood outside of the temple of Ptah, and was integrated into subsequent extensions to the complex.
The size of the imposing sculpture reflects the importance it had to the temple during the New Kingdom.
This sphinx is one of the few remaining artifacts from the ruins of Memphis to survive.
In Egyptian culture some animals were associated with gods, while others were considered to be Living gods.
The Apis bull was believed to be a divine entity. The earliest mention of the Apis bullin ancient Egypt goes back as far as the 1st Egyptian dynasty.
Originally the symbol of fertility, the Apis bull was linked to the god Ra, with the image of the sun carried between its horns.
Later it was associated with Osiris, the ruler of the underworld, thus becoming the funerary divinity Osorapis.
During the 18th Dynasty in Memphis, the Apis bull's association with the city's deity earned it the title “Herald of Ptah."
The Apis bull was so revered that even Alexander the Great, upon his arrival in Memphis, gave honor to Apis.
The Apis buil lived with its harem in a sacred barn located in an enclosure in the temple of Ptah.
Each bull bore twenty-nine signs representative of it's divinity. Among them, the bull had an eagle-shaped mark on its back, a double tail hair and a scarab-shaped mark under the tongue. The signs were intended to correspond with the lunar cycle.
After its death, Egyptians would search for its reincarnated form among the livestock.
Like other living divinities, the mortal incarnation of the Apis bull was prayed to, and when it died, it was given a luxurious funeral which included mummification.
Until the reign of Ramses II, the Apis bulls were buried in individual graves in Saqgara.
During the 26th dynasty, the bodies of the bulls were buried in enormous stone vats in the underground corridors of the Serapeum of Memphis.
Ancient Egyptians believed that temple rituals were essential to maintain order in the cosmos, and allow communication between humans and gods.
The pharaoh was required to bring offerings, as part of a twofold promise made to the gods: to remain a just ruler, and to prevent chaos from entering Egypt.
Details of the ceremonies found on temple walls provide a thorough overview of the stages of the daily ritual.
Performed three times a day to mirror human meal times, each step of the highly symbolic ceremony was accompanied by specific recitations, many of which referred to mythical events.
The high priest would first awaken the sleeping god with a chant.
Then the seals of the shrine's doors were broken, and the bolts drawn back.
The act of swinging open the doors was a symbolic gesture, where sight was granted to the deity.
The priest would then bow, and kiss the ground.
The god was then washed with incense-infused water, and its mouth rinsed with mineral salts. The cleansing was followed by adorning the statue with jewels and royal garments.
The final ritual required the priest to sweep away any footprints in order to prevent evil from approaching the god.
Heredity was the primary source of new recruits. Rarely was an outsider allowed this position. At the top of the temple hierarchy was the high priest. Each temple dedicated to a god had at least one high priest devoted to its care and service.
During the Ptolemaic dynasty, one family held the position of High Priest in Memphis for almost 300 years.
High priest candidates made their way up the ranks of the temple hierarchy. The one chosen to occupy the lofty position of high priest was usually confirmed by the pharaoh.
Several of the high priests were also important officials in the government. Families sharing the highest priesthood titles tended to make many alliances, thereby gaining more land and wealth.
Shifting balances of power sometimes resulted in more or less open conflicts between the priesthood and the pharaohs.
In the 21st dynasty, Thebes became the capital of an almost entirely theocratic government. The city was headed by king-priests who spoke and governed in the name of god Amun, in open opposition to the ruling pharaohs.
These kings-priests caused a massive decentralization of power, known as the Third Intermediate Period.
The educational institution in ancient Egypt was known as the House of Life.
Attended by the offspring of the elite and the clergy, it was a place tailored to the social status of its attendees.
The eartiest references to this type of institution date back to royal decrees of the Old Kingdom.
Only two known centers have been uncovered, one in the abandoned city of Akhetaten and one at the temple of Ramses II, on the west bank of Thebes.
Inscriptions uncovered in those locations mention the names and titles of people who were connected with the House of Life, such as a chief physician and many scribes.
Itis presumed that by the Late Kingdom, every temple had a House of Life.
The House of Life offered training for the elite destined for occupations such as astronomers, doctors, veterinarians, diplomats, architects, translators or theologians.
Some institutions focused on specific disciplines, making them a central hub for the country.
Not limited to instruction for young students, the House of Life was a source of reference for many scholars, with rooms dedicated to papyri of many disciplines.
Because papyri were preserved there, the Greco-Romans referred to the House of Life as a library.
Ancient Egyptian economy was based on an unequal system of redistribution of goods.
The state of Egypt collected the crops, and the temples distributed them throughout the provinces.
Since the only people capable of counting and ensuring a fair redistribution were the educated scribes, this meant that the temples played a pivotal role in this process.There are records of pharaohs making offerings of large tracts of land and animals to temples in order to maintain their favor. Ramses Ill offered generous gifts to the temple of Amun in Karnak in such a manner.
Palaces, warehouses, and granaries were built inside the temple compound to better control the redistribution of goods.
The size of the recorded numbers of goods combined with every other function filled by temples only serves to confirm their might as economic, religious and political centers of power within Egypt.打造古埃及Building Ancient Egypt[]
Understand the different techniques used by ancient Egyptians to quarry stone blocks, and build their monuments.
Constructed with bricks made of mud, most ancient Egyptian buildings were not permanent.
Only religious temples and funerary monuments were meant to stand the ravages of time.
For these very important structures, Egyptians used limestone, sandstone, and harder materials such as granite, quartzite and travertine. These heavy stone blocks were so prized that they were often transported from quarries located hundreds of kilometers away.
Limestone was common and easy to extract from quarries on the east bank of the Nile.
This particular limestone had marine fossils in it however, preventing it from being easily decorated and polished. Used as the main building material, the structure would then be finished with a finer limestone that was polished smooth, and decorated as needed.
Limestone was used for the building of the first pyramids, and for most of the religious buildings of the Old and Middle Kingdoms.
Ancient Egyptians preferred to use sedimentary rock beds, or layers like sandstone and limestone, because they were often easier to extract.
The common method used to extract stone was the open pit quarry. Stone cutters would find quality stone, shape and dig it out on site. Open pit quarries enabled many workers to work simultaneously on many blocks, which allowed for better productivity.
Workers would draw a large grid directly on the stone's surface, taking care to leave a space between the blocks. This allowed them to isolate the different blocks and create a trench that would make the extraction easier.
Stone workers used iron chisels for hard rock, and bronze or copper tools for softer rocks such as limestone.
Removing material between each block created a trench line. In some quarries, that trench was wide enough to accommodate a worker, who would then cut the block entirely on site.
For harder rocks like granite, workers cut a series of holes and hammered wooden wedges into them. They then soaked the wood until it swelled and caused the rock to split.
The gallery extraction technique was used when the desired rock was buried under layers of rubble.
This method was often necessary in order to find the whiter and finer limestone required for a smoother finish.
The first step was for the stone workers to create an access pit that would allow them to reach the desired wall of stone. Once a wall of quality stone was exposed, workers could then cut out smaller blocks.
This pit required a descending platform. Designed like a stairway, it allowed them to free multiple galleries of blocks.
To cut the stone, they created a longitudinal kerf, or slit, and then cut the rock at a 90-degree angle.
The lower side was determined along the geological layers or by using a horizontal cut.
Wooden wedges were inserted in the rock and hammered in. Shock waves were then generated using hammers, fracturing the blocks at the seam.To maintain the stability of these mining pits over the course of quarrying, workers would leave support sections of unexcavated rock.
In every quarry, dedicated shrines were established to offer protection for the workers.
In particular, Serket, the scorpion goddess, was considered a very powerful deity among quarry workers.
Every mine and quarry of ancient Egypt included a scorpion charmer, who was said to use magical powers to ward off the dangerous insects and keep the workers safe.工人与运输Workers & Transport[]
Understand who were the people involved in the creation of ancient Egyptian monuments, and understand the techniques used to quarry stone blocks and transport monuments.
Whether workers were employed for the pyramid construction or at the quarries, the government supplied food and housing.
Workers for the pyramids and royal necropolises were housed in more permanent villages such as the famous Deir el-Medina. Quarry workers had more temporary lodgings.
Al skill levels were needed and utilized, from basic workhands to prepare the gypsum, to brick makers and sand carriers, to skilled stonemasons to shape the blocks.
Skilled architects and engineers were employed year-round, while support labor were often farmers who worked on the quarries or construction during the Nile's flood season.
The basic laborers were hard-working and versatile. Many may have been farmers who joined the construction during the off-season. Hieroglyphs found in the work villages listed assigned job titles.
Archeological research shows that no food was stored or prepared on site, but instead workers received abundant rations of bread, beer and meat.
These rations were taken care of by an administration outside the village.
Medical treatment was also available for those who were injured.
While some quarries were closer to the Nile, others were located across the desert and required long expeditions.
These expeditions were sanctioned by the state. They involved complex logistics, and required many participants.
Transporting a block by land meant that workers had to overcome the weight and friction of the load.
To solve this, they first dug a track in the ground. This path was sometimes reinforced with rails upon which a sled used to ferry the blocks would be pulled.
Whenever possible, blocks were toppled from a higher elevation onto the sled.
Workers then poured water onto the clay at the front of the sled, creating a slick surface to more easily move the load.
It wasn't until the New Kingdom that animals were used to tow the burden.
During flood season, the Nile was at its largest and deepest, which allowed the transportation of the heaviest and biggest loads.
Quarries close to the river had troughs dug out to deliver the stones to the shoreline.
Harbors and wharfs situated at the river's edge allowed the transfer of materials and supplies. Harbor warehouses accommodated additional stocks of stone so that they were available for the winter sailing season.
The Ouadi el-Jarf papyri detail a limestone load intended for the Khufu pyramid that weighed in at 70-80 tons, or thirty blocks.
One papyrus is a fragment from a foreman's notes taken while working on the Great Pyramid. It details the transportation of limestone blocks from the Tura quarries to the construction site of the pyramid.
The other papyri are shipping logs containing archives of the sailors assigned to sail the Red Sea and the Nile.
Stone cargo generally weighed 15 tons per boat, amounting to roughly six or seven blocks per trip.
For heavier Loads such as obelisks, monolithic pillars or gigantic statues, larger boats were used. These transports are the ones typically showcased on temple walls.
River transportation was the most efficient way to ferry stone blocks between the quarry and the construction site.
Blocks were transported by flotillas of several types of boats.
The most detailed illustration of transport by river is a relief of Queen Hatshepsut's barge with an accompanying flotilla.农业与季节Agriculture & Seasons[]
Learn about the basic agricultural food production techniques, and understand how the Nile was at the center of Ancient Egypt wealth.
While crops were cultivated in different cases around the desert, most of the arable lands were near the Nile.
Two types of cereal grain were cultivated: barley, and an ancient wheat known as emmer.
These two key ingredients contributed in establishing bread and beer as the staple of the Egyptian diet, and the basis of its economy.
The Ptolemaic era created an agricultural revolution with the introduction of advanced agricultural techniques and new grain types such as rice, durum wheat and pearl millet.
The resulting agricultural mass production greatly increased the economy of ancient Egypt. It also prompted the development of storage and transportation, allowing long-distance trade with other regions.
Both bread and beer rations were part of a system of barter payment. The state used those goods to pay wages for those who worked in the quarries and at the construction sites.
Beer was so important to ancient Egyptians they had a goddess of beer brewing: Tenenet.
Tenenet is seen in many paintings and sculptures with beer, and women are depicted as the primary beer makers.
In order to increase agricultural production, fertile land was divided into plots, and large agricultural villages were encouraged.
The state and temples were the biggest landowners. Depending on the region, fertile land was managed by civil servants, or rented to individuals.
Ancient Egyptians relied on rudimentary tools for land cultivation. Soil was broken down with hoes, and wing plows were used to make furrows.
The three seasons known as Akhet, Peret and Shemu corresponded to a specific phase of the agricultural process and the river's natural changes.
Akhet, was the time of the flood, beginning with the appearance of the star Sirius in July.
Peret was the time when lands were cultivated, plowed and sown. This fell between October and November.
Shemu ran from May to September, and was when harvesting and taxation began.
The pharaoh's duty was to uphold order against chaos, and provide for his people. Priests and local governors also wanted to appear as protectors of the people.
However, any variation in the Nile's seasons could cause water shortages. This had devastatingconsequences on wheat and barley crops.
The pharaoh, administrators and priests knew they needed to demonstrate their ability to prevent such a catastrophe from happening, and so they invented the story which would be inscribed upon the Famine stela.
The story begins with the pharaoh worried for his people. The Nile hasn't flooded in years and his people are starving. In search of the origins of the flooding, Djoser seeks out Khnum, the protector god of the region and the source of the drought.
Djoser gives the god offerings and orders his priests to restore the temple of Khnum. These offerings please the god, and the floods are restored.
This story was intended to highlight the importance of the deity in everyone's daily lives, while also demonstrating the crucial role that the priests and the king played in feeding and protecting the people of Egypt.古埃及耕种方式Ancient Egyptian Cultivation[]
Learn about the ancient Egyptian agricultural techniques.
The new grain types of the Ptolemaic period required a great deal of water. Farmers needed to ensure they had effective, consistent irrigation. The Nile's rising and receding waters naturally irrigated most of the crops. Areas where the Nile didn't reach, such as gardens and vegetable plots, required an irrigation tool known as the shadoof.
The shadoof allowed easy transport of water from its source. It consisted of a tall wooden frame with a long pivoting pole and suspended bucket. The system could be raised and lowered with little effort.
Later a sakia, or water wheel, was invented. The sakia needed animals to turn the wheel, which rotated buckets through the water.
It drew the water to an elevation of 3.5 meters, and enabled a great deal of control over the irrigation process.
This improvement supplied larger areas and thus resulted in larger harvests.
The threshing process separated the grain from its husk.
Workers would spread the ears on clean ground. Oxen, cows or donkeys were then guided back and forth to trample the grain. This continuous movement worked the grain loose while preventing the animals from eating it.
Unwanted chaff and straw were swept away, or gathered and added to the mud used to make bricks, to make them stronger.
Winnowing was the stage where workers used wooden scoops to throw ears in the air. The wind carried off the chaff, leaving the heavier seeds to fall to the ground.
This action was repeated until the undesired materials were sifted out.
Grain waste was mixed with manure or other organic substances to produce brick-shaped dung toaves that could be easily burned.
A standardized brick size enabled Egyptians to mass produce this byproduct, and use it as a commodity.
Transporting large amounts of grain required ships equipped to carry heavy loads. These goods were moved during the Nile's flooding season, when the river was deep enough for large ships.
The transports stopped at checkpoints to accommodate customs and police controls, as well as for technical requirements and weather conditions.
Having reached Alexandria's inner harbor, the wheat was unloaded under the supervision of a civil servant in charge of wheat management.
Portions were distributed to Alexandria's city market, and the remaining stockpile was either exported or stored in warehouses.
Grain storage facilities were located across all of Egypt.
Temples and institutions had large silos, while individual houses had storage sheds.
In some houses, arched cellars were built into the foundations. These watertight chambers were accessible from the ground floor, through a trapdoor.
Royal granaries acted as the storehouse and distribution centers, and managed state payments to civil servants, soldiers and the police.
Though plastered on the inside, silos weren't completely sealed and so remained susceptible to mice infestations.
When the grain was ready for processing, it was poured into bowis and pounded into a coarse flour.
That flour was then passed through a sieve to make it a finer quality, and further ground between stones.
Ancient Egyptians did not stock flour. Instead, fresh grain was portioned out each time to produce flour as it was needed.The sieves used by Ancient Egyptians were unable to filter out sand and stones. Grit often passed into the flour, causing long-term tooth abrasions among all classes of Egyptians.
古埃及的家畜Domesticated Animals of Ancient Egypt[]
Learn about the various domesticated animals of ancient Egypt.
Agriculture and domesticated livestock were introduced 6000 years ago. Archaeologists have found traces of cattle, donkeys, pigs and dogs.
Dromedary are thought to have been introduced during the Persian invasion.Pets were deeply cherished in ancient Egypt. Many illustrations of children often include a pet in the depiction.
One of ancient Egypt's most iconic animals, the cat, wasn't adopted into their daily Life until the Middle Kingdom.
Since they were so highly capable of killing snakes and rodents, cats were present throughout every period. However, they only became pets sometime during the Middle Kingdom.
Prince Thutmose, son of Amenhotep III, had his cat Ta-miu laid to rest in its own sarcophagi.
The earliest reference to dogs dates back to 5000 BCE. They were popular pets, as they helped hunters and protected herds.
They were closely linked to Anubis, the jackal-headed god.
Baboons, monkeys and even falcons were tamed as pets. Each was mummified and buried with as much ceremony as any family member.古埃及药物Ancient Egyptian Medicine[]
Learn about the balance of science and magic that was ancient Egyptian medicine.
Evidence of advanced medical procedures have been found on mummies, and ancient Egyptians left detailed medical writings, from diagnosis to follow-up treatment.
One of the oldest known surgical studies is the Edwin Smith Papyrus. It's one of the first documents in history that notes an association between the integrity of the brain and cognitive functions, including cases of ocular complications and paralysis following head trauma.
Vinegar-treated marble stone from Memphis was used as an anaesthetic.
Another similar document, the Ebers Medical Papyrus is over 20 meters long and 30 centimeters wide. It details treatments of forty-eight surgical cases and contains 877 paragraphs describing various diseases.
Alongside accurate and factual scientific approaches, the papyrus has more than 700 magic formulas and incantations to ward off demons and disease. This demonstrates how ancient Egyptians believed in a harmonious balance between religion and science.
Remedies were considered as medicine, and carried by doctors and priests. Village doctors often had another job, alongside their medical duties and the preparation of medicines.
A cure for blindness was made of fermented honey, ochre and kohl. The science behind it was that honey functioned as an antiseptic and antibacterial, while ochre would reduce the swelling.
All of their knowledge did not always suffice. Ramses II died of an infection caused by an abscessed tooth.古埃及的皮革与麻布Leather & Linen in Ancient Egypt[]
Learn about the uses of leather and linen in ancient Egypt.
Tanning, a process which dates from prehistoric times, was present although not highly valued in Egypt due to the heat.
Leather was reserved mainly for things such as sandals, leather bags, dagger sheaths, quivers, and other similar items.
Leopard hides, unlike regular leather, were highly valued and usually worn by priests.
Valued for its coolness and freshness in hot weather, linen was the fiber most commontly used for fabrics and textiles. It was produced from flax, which was plentiful in Egypt.
Fibers were usually dyed before weaving. While color was used in the production of textiles, dyes weren't commonly used for clothing and most Egyptians wore white. The color represented spiritual purity, a goal to reach for every day of one's mortal life.
Various shades were achieved using woad, a dye produced from the leaves of Isatis Tinctoria.
The plant was cultivated for this purpose within the Nile Delta, and allowed for the creation of various colors. For example, different maceration times of the leaves would result in colors ranging from red to green, while adding in limestone shifted it to blue.
During the Greco-Roman period other ingredients were found, resulting in a wider range of colors.
(Behind the Scenes)
This area's style is strongly influenced by the dye baths and tanneries of modern day Fes, in Morocco. This helped Ubisoft envision what such locations might have been like in ancient Egypt.
While this tannery is within the city walls, back then they were often found outside the city boundaries. The tanner's trade was considered off-putting by the Greeks, as all these operations resulted in noxious smells.古埃及潮流Ancient Egyptian Fashions[]
Learn about ancient Egyptian fashions.
Learning what life was like for ancient Egyptians presents many differences, and yet also, surprising similarities to how people might live today.
Understanding the daily lives of regular citizens so many thousands of years ago is, ultimately, what connects us as human beings.
Jewelry was a popular item among ancient Egyptians of all social standing. Both men and women wore earrings, rings and bracelets. Status determined how much jewelry a person wore, and what it was made of.
Common folk wore pearl necklaces, simple bracelets and leather bangles. Brightly colored earthenware and glass paste were a favorite enhancement.
The jewelry of the elite was made from gold, silver and other precious stones. Because gold never lost its shine, it was considered akin to the flesh of the gods.
Wide jeweled collars were a favorite. Made with rews of beads formed into patterns of animals or flowers, the soft chiming sounds they made were thought to appease the gods.
Though idealized, tomb paintings are a catalogue of the changing fashions of ancient Egypt from the Old to the New Kingdom.
Egyptians took appearance and cleanliness very seriously and were diligent about their fashion, hair and jewelry as well as their grooming habits.
The fabric of ancient Egyptian clothing was almost entirely made from various grades of linen.
Linen was commont!y white, draped over the body and cinched at the waist, though some garments were sewn or tailored.
Wealthy men wore long tunics, loincloths or kilts, while poor men only wore loincloths. Women wore long dresses, with differences residing in the quality of the fabric depending on social status.
Egyptians commonly went barefoot, but could also wear sandals made from papyrus fiber or leather.
Cosmetics, including concoctions to prevent body odor and bad breath, were an integral part of everyday life for Egyptians.
Used by both men and women, cosmetics were used as moisturizing ointments and sun protection as much as for beautification.
Red ochre, a natural clay, was the most readily available cosmetic to tint lips and cheeks. Henna was used on nails and Lips, and as hair coloring. It was also favored by richer women to decorate their palms and the soles of their feet.
Egyptians believed kohl had magical powers, wearing it as black eyeliner to protect their eyes from the sun and to prevent eye infections from particles in the flooded Nile river.
A special green kohl, made from ground malachite, was worn for ceremonies and religious rituals.
Women and teenage girls wore their hair long, and often braided. Wealthier women included carved combs or hairpins.
The length of men's hair rarely dropped past the shoulders. They were mostly clean-shaven during the Dynastic Period, a trend began by the elite and soon adopted by the general populace.
Queen Hatshepsut donned an artificial beard when she became pharaoh.
Wigs were very popular. Used for special occasions, or to conceal grey hair or baldness, they were fastened in place with beeswax.
The most expensive wigs, were made from human hair and reserved for royalty. Other wigs were composed of linen, wool or animal hair.Prepubescent children generally had their heads shaved. Young girls kept some strands intact, while young boys had a braid worn on the side.
古埃及的工匠Artisans of Ancient Egypt[]
Learn about the daily life of artisans in ancient Egypt.
It was under the watchful eye of Ptah of Memphis, the god of craft and architecture, that ancient Egyptians developed the unique rendition of the world they lived in.
However, it is vital to understand that their view of art, and those who created it, was likely very dissimilar to the modern concept of the word.
Instead of artists, the creative culture had skilled and respected artisans. The most significant categories of specialties for crafters were drawing, painting, sculpture and metalworking.
Ancient Egyptian craftspeople created both art and a wide variety of mundane, everyday tools. Every item created had a specific purpose and was produced by anonymous artisans who worked alone or with a team.
Most crafts such as pottery and metalworking were utilized for everyday items. Luxury goods and artwork illustrations served temple rituals, and were not meant for public display.
Artisans rarely signed their names to the work, though they were clearly aware that they possessed a unique skill and talent for the task.
Art in all of its forms has offered not only a practical insight into the way ancient Egyptians lived, but in how they viewed the world and their place in it.
The balance of order and chaos was crucial in both the physical and the metaphysical universes. As a result, their art appears to follow a strict set of stylistic conventions that supported this worldview.
From households and palaces to temples and tombs, pottery, papyrus and textile items were essential to the everyday life of ancient Egyptians.
In ancient Egyptian culture drawing was used as ilustration, such as seen in the Book of the Dead.
It was also the first step in the creation of a relief, painting, or statue.
Two-dimensional representations were concerned with order and form, and were intended to honor gods and promote the transition of the soul to the afterlife.
Stylistically, Egyptians were concerned with the depiction of the human form's inner self.
As such, artistic representations were not concerned with realism, but rather with idealized youth, and perfectly harmonious visuals.
An exception to this were scenes depicting hunting and battle, where the environment and enemies moved in lively, even chaotic ways.
Animals and foes were depicted piled up as if describing chaos, with Egyptians standing in solemn, disciplined poses, bringing order to the scene.
Reliefs could be either in high relief, or low relief. Either method required a surface suited to the desired technique.
Preparation of the surfaces differed depending on the quality of the rock.
A quarried block only needed a simple smoothing. Rough-cut rock monuments such as those found in tombs, required more work. Often the surface was coated in plaster before being sculpted.
For reliefs, preliminary sketches were drawn in red, then framed with a red grid to position the elements of the scenes.
Corrected sketches were in black and once approved, the scene was ready to be carved.
This method likely explains the name given to relief-makers: the one who draws the outlines.
Statues were believed to be vessels for the souls of the deceased, or deities. That is why a sculptor was called “the one who makes it live”. This divine duty earned them the utmost respect.
As with a relief, creation of a sculpture began with a drawing.
Most statues were made of quarried blocks of stone, primarily limestone, though sometimes harder stones such as quartzite were also used.
In ancient Egypt, the profession of crafter was organized and relied on a specific hierarchy. Most artisans depended on an institution to provide them with raw materials.
There were three working levels for craftsmanship: domestic, large estates and within palace and temple workshops.
Some royal workshops, at their largest, covered an area of about 2.8 square kilometers in size.
At the domestic Level, most Egyptians were craftspeople to a greater or lesser extent. The ability to repair tools was a daily necessity. Crafted everyday items could also be bartered for at the local market.
Artisans with skills but lacking in resources worked at large estates, where the elite provided them with space to work and raw materials.
The most skilled artisans were employed in royal or temple projects, and benefited from a special status. They were provided with good work spaces, and considered to be highly skilled.
An ancient text known as the Satires of Trades has a number of descriptive summaries that offer teasing glimpses into how artisans were perceived.
A coppersmith was said to stink and have fingers that resembled crocodile droppings, while potters were said to be like those who lived in bogs.
This view was likely exaggerated in order to highlight the most enviable position of all: that of the scribe.
Located near the Valley of the Kings, Deir El-Medina was a settlement created by order of the king to honor the most skilled artisans. lts name translates as "the monastery of the city.”
Allocated a house on the initiative of the king, these craftsfolk were regarded with respect, and referred to as the royal artisans.
Those who lived there worked on the tombs in the Valley of the Kings, and its surrounding temples.
Archaeologists believe the site was home to skilled and respected artisans for over 400 years.
It is considered one of the most important discoveries relating to Egyptian daily lite.
While much of the focus of Egyptian archaeology was on its kings and queens, it wasn't until the excavation of Deir El-Medina that Egyptologists were given a valuable window into the community life of ancient Egyptian artisans.古埃及的陶艺演化Evolution of Pottery in Ancient Egypt[]
Learn about the pottery and its various uses in ancient Egypt.
Excavations all over Egypt have uncovered enormous quantities of pottery vessels of all shapes and sizes.
The production of pottery was mainly confined to the outskirts of settlements due to the materials required, and to keep the kiln smoke away from inhabited spaces.
The function of the product determined the selection of the raw material, its treatment, its form as well as the finishing of the surface.
Pottery was essential to ancient Egyptians' daily lives. It was used in all aspects of life, from the storage of grains and liquids, to containers within the tombs of necropolises.
The most common pottery was made from Nile silt that resulted in a reddish-brown clay. Limestone clay, which made for more attractive pottery, was only found in Upper Egypt.
Early pots were made from pinched or coiled clay. Chopped straw, ashes and other minerals were added, and the mixture was then smoothed and decorated before being put in the oven.
Pots were fired in bonfires, or enclosed within a brick kiln.
The potter's wheel was utilized during the Old Kingdom.
Pottery became smoother and more polished, similar to river stones. it was decorated primarily in red pigment, with the black color achieved by exposing it to smoke.
Pottery workshops were attached to palaces or temples, and around the late period specialized workshops began to appear.
Quartzite particles, which created the rich blue or green glazing, became common during the New Kingdom.
Mediterranean motifs and tin-based glazing came with the Greco-Roman era.
Potsherds could be found anywhere and were the most common canvas for writing or drawing, in comparison to the more expensive papyrus sheets.
Named after their Greek description, Ostraca contained daily life records, letters or could be drawn upon. Artists drew sketches for temples and tombs or simply for leisure.埃及家庭The Egyptian Household[]
Learn about the family life and homes of ancient Egyptians.
In pre-Greco-Roman culture, women were considered equal to men in many matters.
They owned property, testified in court, could divorce and inherit. Until the Greeks and Romans restricted their rights, Egyptian women could take over their deceased husband's trade.
Marriage contracts included mentions of allowances and items of value brought to the marriage by the woman, which would forever belong to her.
Certain professions were open only to women, such as weaving or professional mourning, while others were available to both genders, including working as servants for the rich households.
Social status did have an impact, though; the higher in status, the easier it was to obtain education, and access different professions.
Homes were generally composed of three rooms. First there was the entrance, furnished with a small bench of brick, probably intended for a statue and protective divinity.
Then there was the ceremonial room, meant to receive guests. The last room was either a bedroom or kitchen.
Furniture consisted of basic chairs, chests and storage. Tables were not used for family dinners. Instead each individual had a small table of their own.
Marriages were a social contract rather than a religious construct.
Family was vitally important to ancient Egyptians, and children were considered a blessing from the gods.
The father, mother and their children were the nucleus of the family, and cohabitation sometimes extended to mothers-in-law, sisters, aunts and sisters-in-law.
Status and wealth played a large role in the style and size of ancient Egyptian homes.
Commoners' houses were built with sunbaked mud-bricks.
Wealthier homes were often painted in white, and decorated with various motifs.
Town officials and the rich lived in mansions with numerous rooms that were luxuriously decorated.
Only temples and tombs, meant to last for all eternity, were built with stone.
Funeral stone inscriptions focused on the main member of a household. Encircling this person would then be a spouse, parents and children, possibly even siblings.
These stones were so structured because there were no surnames in ancient Egyptian culture. Parents and children were a sort of family tree, which allowed for the identification of the deceased.面包与啤酒Beer & Bread[]
Learn about the production steps of brewing beer and bread making, and their importance in ancient Egyptians' lives.
While the Mesopotamians invented beer, including using a straw to avoid the sediments and herbs, Ancient Egyptians perfected the brewing method.
Egyptian beer's quality was determined by alcohol strength, color and flavor.
During the Pharaonic era, beer was the most commontly used and important alcoholic beverage. The state and temples used it, along with bread, as payment to workers and it was included on the Lists of food offerings to the gods and the deceased.
Beer was the popular drink of ceremonies and festivals. The Festival of Drunkenness was even dedicated to it.
Considered to be quite nutritional, beer was also significant in the day-to-day lives of ancient Egyptians.
Egyptian adults and children consumed beer with all of their meals, and medical texts include hundreds of remedies that contain beer.
It remained the most popular alcoholic beverage until the Roman era.
Recipes for beer varied over time, and depended on the quality of the materials.
Bakers and brewers typically worked alongside one another at the same workshop or house. Many families often produced the quantity appropriate to their own consumption, with better quality beers produced for festivals and other special occasions.
The most basic recipe used malted cereal as the main ingredient. Fruit such as dates were added along with honey and spices.Once baked, bread would be crumbled into the brew to start the fermentation process. Adding grain enzymes would break down the starches, turning them into sugar and creating a thick mash.
Once ready, the bread and grain mixture was compressed, and then strained through a sieve with water into the mix of malt beer.
Once fermented, the beer mash was transferred to large containers and again compressed, by foot or with pestles.
Once smooth, the beer was stored in pottery jars and sealed with a clay stopper. It probably couldn't be kept for long and likely had a thick, pasty appearance and texture.
Very little was wasted. Leftover grains were reused to make sourdough bread, or combined with the next batch of beer.
While there are many ancient accounts for making bread, most of the knowledge known about ancient Egyptian brewing comes from an account by the alchemist Zosimos, over 300 years after Cleopatra's reign.
More recently, Dr. Delwen Samuel, an archaeobotanist, has proposed alternate antique techniques to brew beer.
However, experts are unable to replicate an authentic beer since not all of the techniques and ingredients used by ancient Egyptians are known yet.
Food was prepared on the floor until the Middle Kingdom, when cooking benches were introduced.
The introduction of durum wheat improved bread quality, meaning that the upper and middle classes ate better.
The poor, however, still made do with a diet consisting of a gruel made of vegetables, softened bread or barley.
Dough was kneaded by hand or foot and when sufficiently blended, additional items were added such as fruits, nuts, honey and spices. To leaven the bread they added sourdough or leaven from beer brewing.
Ovens were circular or beehive shaped and made with clay or brick. If there was no oven at all, a bread maker used the hot sand to bake flat bread, a technique stillin use by some Berbers today.
(Behind the Scenes)
Ancient Egyptians always had to fight off the omnipresent sand particles that were blown towards them.
Despite their best efforts, sand regularly made its way into their food. Additionally, particles from the grain-grinding stone tools and ovens they used also contributed to attrition and prematurely worn teeth.
The team tried to portray this through toothache animations and commoners sweeping sand off.古埃及的红酒Wine in Ancient Egypt[]
Learn about the origin, production and storage of wine in ancient Egypt.
When the god Horus lost his eye in a war with Set, the ancient Egyptians believe the eye turned into a vine, and the vine's tears became wine.
Early texts dating back to 3150 BCE contain the hieroglyph for wine.
Regarded as extremely valuable, wine was highly sought after by the elite. It was also an essential part of many religious ceremonies.
A millennia-old tradition, grape cultivation and wine production was regimented in the way typical of ancient Egyptian bureaucracy.
Egyptians kept careful records of winemakers, which they clearly identified on labels.
Every land owner with a modicum of self-respect usually kept a vineyard. This held particularly true in the regions of the Faiyum and the Nile Delta.
Documentation shows that only certain craftsfolk were allowed to provide the containers required to store and transport wine.
That and rigorous quality control checks established for every step of wine production shows that ancient Egypttians knew that the quality and longevity of wine could easily be affected by any number of variables, which they paid careful attention to.
Egyptians had different kinds of wines, most of which ranged in quality from good to very good. The sweet shedeh, to which honey had been added. The soft nedjem, obtained by drying the grapes in the sun. The maa, reserved for religious cerimonies.
And finally there was the paour, the mediocre-rated wine, resulting from the second pressing of grapes and reserved for a less discerning palate.古埃及的油Oil in Ancient Egypt[]
Learn about the cultivation and use of oil in ancient Egypt.
(Behind the Scenes)
Castor, sesame and moringa were the source of the most common oils in Ancient Egypt.
Oil was used for various purposes: cosmetics, medical treatments, nutrition, perfume, athletics, and rituals, to name a few.
The team decided to use oil as an explosive to add more gameplay opportunities for the player.
Ancient Egyptians originally used castor oil in wick lamps, but also for cosmetics, such as facial and hair treatments. There is mention in some papyrus of castor oil being prescribed to treat constipation, and help pregnant women.
Castor beans were found in ancient Egyptian tombs as early as 4000 BCE.
Castor oil was made by pressing the beans from the plant of the same name.
Olive trees were present though scarce in ancient Egypt's earty history, and olives were mostly imported from Syria and Palestine.
Their use and cultivation remained uncommon untilthe mass arrival of Greek settlers during the reign of the Ptolemies, when demand increased sharply.
Olive trees were normally found in the region of the Faiyum and the lands surrounding Alexandria.罗马人[]
罗马军事装备Roman Military Equipment[]
Learn about the military equipment typical of Rome's armies.
Skyphos: Tiberius' triump & preparation of a sacrifice
The strength of Rome was directly dependent on its military supremacy, and fundamentally militaristic society.
Regular citizens, comprised mostly of farmers and herders, joined to protect their land and families.
In return for their service, members of this civic army were allowed to vote.
Trained to be highly disciplined and obedient to superior officers, citizen-soldiers developed a deep sense of loyalty to their city.
Relief, base of Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus: iurator conducting a census
The quality of the armor of a Roman foot soldier was intrinsically linked to his social status and wealth. Chainmail was the most commontly used type of armor. Scale armor, made famous in today's media, came into use after Caesar's time.
Foot soldiers carried large and oblong shields, while the cavalry used smaller ones of Greek origin.
Soldiers were expected to carry their own kit, including the tools required for the construction of forts and tents.
Marching Roman soldier, with gear
Roman soldiers used the same types of weapons. The stomach and face were the most targeted parts of the body. As such, a legionary was equipped with two close-combat weapons: a dagger and a short sword known as a gladius.
One of the most ingenicus Roman weapons was the javelin. Its pyramid-shaped tip pierced the body, while its iron shank was designed to break upon impact, stopping the enemy from throwing it back.
Trajan's column
During their conquests the Romans regularly transformed enemy technologies to add to their own formidable arsenal.
After capturing a Carthaginian vessel, the Romans adopted its better features and constructed a superior fleet of ships.
Adapting heavy artillery designs from Greek modeis aided the Romans in building catapults and ballistae. The latter became an iconic symbol of Roman warfare.
罗马要塞Roman Forts[]
Learn about the structure and operation of Roman forts.
The size of a Roman military camp, known as a castrum, varied significantly depending on how many soldiers it needed to accommodate. However, they all shared common characteristics in design and construction, such as this fort before you, located in Cape Chersonesos.
Rectangular in shape, the forts were heavily fortified by ramparts and a ditch system.
The walls were reinforced with parapets, essentially an extension at the roofline which allowed a protective barrier for patrolling soldiers.
Depending on the availability of materials, some forts were built with stone, timbers, stacked turf and, particularly in the eastern part of the Empire, baked brick.
Access doors on all four sides were each flanked by guard towers.
The commanding officer was positioned in the middle of the camp, giving him a clear view of the troops and the main gate.
Along with sleeping barracks for the soldiers, the fort also had a granary that was expected to hold rations for a year or longer.
To ensure the health of the soldiers, every camp was equipped with medical staff and a hospital. A clean water supply with conduits for a bathhouse and latrines was included in the construction of every fort.昔兰尼加的要塞The Forts of Cyrenaica[]
Learn about the fortifications discovered in Cyrenaica, and their purpose.
Village near Cyrene
Cyrenaica was a Libyan region under Roman control, gifted to Rome by one of Cleopatra's ancestors.
The remains and foundations of ancient fortifications were discovered in the 19th century in the south-west of Cyrenaica, as well as a Roman garrison dating back to the first century CE.
Evidence shows that these forts were of Libyan origin, rebuilt and modified by Roman engineers when Cyrenaica was part of the Empire.
(Behind the Scenes)
Stone was the most commontly used material to build forts in Egypt and Cyrenaica.
Though no real proof of a fortress similar to the one before you has been uncovered in that region, the team chose to add it as a worthy and awe-inspiring end of game challenge for the player.
Map of the world. Made by Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 240 BCE
(Behind the Scenes)
The forts of Cyrenaica were intended to prevent invaders from gaining access to the main route that lead to the country's five most important cities. These forts were built close to coastal plains and deserts for added defense.
Three of these cities were recreated by the team: Balagrae, Apollonia and Cyrene.
Had it existed, the fort before you would have protected the road leading to Balagrae.
Other than reference to an attack around 404 CE and a military reorganization by Emperor Justinian during the 6th century CE, we still know little of the Roman military presence in Cyrenaica.
罗马水道桥Roman Aqueducts[]
Learn about the aqueducts and water management in Cyrenaica.
Painting of the Pont du Gard, by Hubert Robert
Water management was taken seriously by the Romans. Cyrenaica benefited greatly from Roman administration, with the construction of aqueducts and canals.
The source of water varied depending on the location.
Many aqueducts were built at the foot of the mountains, offering greater flow from the melting snow.
View of the aqueduct near old Cairo, by Edme-François Jomard
The ability to transport water over a greater distance increased agricultural production.
Some aqueducts were reported to be over 7 kilometers in length.
Where the Greeks of Libya originally focused mainly on olive trees and figs, which required less water, the advent of Roman aqueducts allowed for a far greater crop diversity. Every farm's water use was carefully scheduled.
Roman leveling tools
The engineering methods used to create aqueducts were constantly reviewed, with a clear focus on exploiting the local environment. Materials, water usage, cleaning regulations and a deep understanding of how to exploit gravity itself were all important concerns.
Several fortresses were built to protect the aqueducts, basins and cisterns.
Roman Aqueduct of Segovia
Additional water was collected with wells and cisterns, but aqueducts were the main supply of fresh water.
The water was distributed based on the collective needs of the city, before the private needs of an individual.
Almost all aqueducts ended in a fountain where the water circulated to clean the streets, and supply bathhouses and latrines, thus improving the cleanliness of Cyrenaica's cities.
十字架刑Crucifixion[]
Learn about crucifixion, the most severe form of Roman capital punishment.
In terms of the severity of Roman justice, crucifixion was at the top of the list of corporal punishment, followed by death by fire and decapitation.
The upper class considered crucifixion unworthy of their position. Those lucky enough to have Roman citizenship were also exempt from such treatment.
Decimation, by William Hogarth
Easily accessible, crucifixions were popular entertainment among the citizenry.
Unlike throwing victims to wild animals, which required an arena, crucifixions did not require any particular setting.
The martyrdom of Saint Andrew
Those subjected to crucifixion were almost always slaves, traitors and lower class citizens.
Roman deserters were crucified because the betrayal of the soldiers was perceived as endangering the lives of Roman citizens.
Spartacus breaking his chains
In 71 BCE, a major slave uprising in Italia was repressed by the Roman army.
This resulted in the crucifixion of 6000 men including their leader, a slave and former gladiator known as Spartacus.
可用人物[]
| Image | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 锡瓦的巴耶克 | Medjay. Husband to Aya of Alexandria. | |
| 亚历山大的艾雅 | Trained as a medjay. Wife to Bayek of Siwa. | |
| 尤利乌斯·凯撒 | Roman politician and general. | |
| 克里奥帕特拉七世，笃爱父亲者 | Descendant of Alexander the Great's general, Ptolemy I Soter. Queen of Egypt. | |
| 威廉·迈尔斯 | Modern day mentor. Father of Desmond Miles. | |
| 蕾拉·哈桑 | Technical engineer. Former employee of Abstergo Industries. | |
| 托勒密十三世，笃爱父亲的神 | Brother-husband of Cleopatra VII Philopator. Pharaoh of Egypt. | |
| 锡瓦的卡慕 | Son of Aya and Bayek. | |
| 尤赫梅莉亚的夏迪亚 | Egyptian. Daughter to Hotephres and Khenut. | |
| 商人瑞达 | Egyptian. Nomadic merchant. | |
| 亚姆的哈席娜 | Daughter of Menehet, an old friend of Bayek. | |
| 演员 | One of the famed actors of ancient Egypt, in costume. | |
| 埃及女子 | Wearing clothing typical of the common Egyptian folk of the era. | |
| 埃及贵族 | Wearing clothing typical of the nobility of Ancient Egypt. | |
| 埃及女性贵族 | Wearing clothing typical of the nobility of Ancient Egypt. | |
| 罗马士兵 | Wearing clothing typical of Roman soldiers of the era. | |
| 希腊贵族 | Wearing clothing typical of the Greek nobility of the era. | |
| 希腊女性贵族 | Wearing clothing typical of the Greek nobility of the era. | |
| 希腊男子 | Wearing clothing typical of the common Greek folk of the era. | |
| 希腊女子 | Wearing clothing typical of the common Greek folk of the era. | |
| 托勒密士兵 | Wearing clothing typical of Egyptian soldiers of the era. | |
| Bayek with Egyptian Hedj | Wearing hedj clothing, a more distinguished though still practical outfit. Hedj means "white". | |
| 穿搭埃及蓝的巴耶克 | Wearing irtyu clothing, favored by the nobles. Irtyu means "blue". | |
| 穿搭神恩化身的巴耶克 | Wearing the robe of an elder Maasai warrior. | |
| 穿搭波斯卫兵的巴耶克 | Purple is the color of leaders, feared by their enemies. |
时间轴[]
画廊[]
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参考与来源[]
- ↑ This Month in Assassin's Creed: Origins – February. Ubisoft (01-02-2018). Archived from the original on 7月 17, 2020. Retrieved on 2月 2, 2018.
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